Week 3 metabolism Flashcards
Metabolism either ____ ____ or _____ _____.
requires energy or releases energy
Different forms of energy in metabolic pathways:
ATP, Heat, Electrons & Hydrogen and coenzymes (NAD/FAD)
Coenzymes ___ ___ electrons & hydrogens.
Hold onto or pick up
NAD(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a
coenzyme (mother)
FAD(Flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a
coenzyme (father)
ATP is the ____ energy molecule that is used as fuel.
main
What does ATP stand for ?
adenosine TRIphosphate
How does ATP release energy?
By giving off ONE of its THREE phosphate ions and in that process energy is released. The ATP then turns to ADP
When we eat our ADP(uncharged) turns into …
ATP (charged)
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
Two main branches of Metabolism:
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism is the process of
taking a macromolecule and breaking it down to monomers, in this process you RELEASE energy (CHOP, cutting down)
Anabolism is the process of:
taking monomers and putting them together to make macromolecules, in this process you INVEST energy
All enzymes are made up of _____.
Proteins
Enzymes function as _____.
Catalyst
Catalysts ____ reactions.
speed up
In the absence of enzymes, reactions will take ____ instead of ____. As a consequence you are diverted from _____.
hours, minutes, homeostasis
Substrate:
Reactants, bind to the enzyme and needs to be converted to something new via reaction
Product:
substance that comes out of the reaction
Active site:
site on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Substrate specific:
will only bind its substrate and not another
Induced fit:
substrate binds the active site -> enzyme contours to the shape of the substrate -> enzyme-substrate interaction stronger. (MAKES SURE SUBSTRATE DOES NOT MOVE)
Activation energy:
Amount of energy required to initiate a reaction
Enzymes decrease the Activation energy causing reactions to occur _____.
Faster, makes the start time much less, like starting a car. You’ll be able to drive off faster if you decrease the amount of time it takes to start it.
Optimal Conditions
Only works in specific pH & temperature. Enzymes have an optimal condition because they are a PROTEIN.
Enzymes are never _____ or _____ during a process. Once done they are ready for a new cycle.
Damage or eliminate
Feedback inhibition :
A way to control how much product you are producing. Too much / too less product will alter the enzyme function to maintain homeostasis. (Too much product will inhibit its own production and too less will stimulate its own production)
Protein modulators:
Factors that enhance / alter protein binding or activity
Protein Activators:
Activate proteins (proteolytic/allosteric/and cofactors)
Protein Inhibitors:
Inhibit proteins (competitive inhibitor & Allosteric inhibitor (noncompetitive))
Proteolytic activator:
Protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed
Allosteric activator:
Binds to an inactive protein with no binding site for ligand and causes it to change shape and form a binding site for the ligand
Cofactor:
cofactors have a binding site so they bind to an inactive protein allowing the ligand to bind to them and the protein
Most common cofactors are :
Ca(calcium), Mg(magnesium), & Fe(iron)
Competitive inhibitor:
blocks the ligand binding site of a protein by binding to it
Competitive inhibitor can be overcome by ___ the _________ ________.
increasing , substrate (ligand) concentration
Allosteric inhibitor(noncompetitive inhibitor):
The noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the site away from the ligand site causing the protein to change shape, losing its ligand binding site. This is irreversible.
When taking about enzymes which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate
active site/substrate(reactant)
When taking about proteins which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate
Binding site/ligand
What is another name for aerobic metabolism?
Cellular respiration
What is another names for cellular respiration ?
Aerobic metabolism
Cellular respiration is made up of four metabolic pathways:
glycolysis , preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)
Which three metabolic pathway steps occur within the mitochondria?
preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)
What must you have for the metabolic pathways to occur in the mitochondria?
oxygen
Anytime your body produces indirect forms of energy it goes to the _____ to convert it to ATP.
ETC , electronic transport chain
Glucose we eat enters the pathway called
glycolysis; (producing ATP)
Product of predatory step (intermediate step) goes to the ____ to turn it into ATP.
citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
ETC (electronic transport system/chain)
A process in which the indirect energy (NADH+H & FADH2) is converted into direct energy (ATP).
ETC process occurs in the :
Inner mitochondrial membrane
In presence of Oxygen pyruvate :
Enters mitochondria and starts intermediate step
In absence of Oxygen pyruvate
Stays in cytoplasm and becomes lactic acid
Carbohydrates, after being used by your body, are converted to _____ via glycogenesis, and then converted to _____ via lipogenesis.
glycogen, fats
Type of carbohydrate
glucose
Lipids, after being used by your body, are _____ then can be later converted into ____ via gluconeogenesis.
stored, glucose
Types of lipids:
glycerol and free fatty acids
Amino acids, after being used to produce proteins, are converted to _______ via gluconeogenesis.
glucose. (occurs in a starving state)
Gluconeogenesis
Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (fats/Amino Acids)
Glycogenesis
Production of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
Lipogenesis
Production of lipids
Lipolysis
Breakdown of lipids
Beta Oxidation
Converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, byproduct is ketone bodies
