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Physiology > Week 3 metabolism > Flashcards

Week 3 metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism either ____ ____ or _____ _____.

A

requires energy or releases energy

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2
Q

Different forms of energy in metabolic pathways:

A

ATP, Heat, Electrons & Hydrogen and coenzymes (NAD/FAD)

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3
Q

Coenzymes ___ ___ electrons & hydrogens.

A

Hold onto or pick up

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4
Q

NAD(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a

A

coenzyme (mother)

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5
Q

FAD(Flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a

A

coenzyme (father)

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6
Q

ATP is the ____ energy molecule that is used as fuel.

A

main

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7
Q

What does ATP stand for ?

A

adenosine TRIphosphate

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8
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

By giving off ONE of its THREE phosphate ions and in that process energy is released. The ATP then turns to ADP

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9
Q

When we eat our ADP(uncharged) turns into …

A

ATP (charged)

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

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11
Q

Two main branches of Metabolism:

A

Catabolism and Anabolism

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12
Q

Catabolism is the process of

A

taking a macromolecule and breaking it down to monomers, in this process you RELEASE energy (CHOP, cutting down)

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13
Q

Anabolism is the process of:

A

taking monomers and putting them together to make macromolecules, in this process you INVEST energy

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14
Q

All enzymes are made up of _____.

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Enzymes function as _____.

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

Catalysts ____ reactions.

A

speed up

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17
Q

In the absence of enzymes, reactions will take ____ instead of ____. As a consequence you are diverted from _____.

A

hours, minutes, homeostasis

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18
Q

Substrate:

A

Reactants, bind to the enzyme and needs to be converted to something new via reaction

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19
Q

Product:

A

substance that comes out of the reaction

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20
Q

Active site:

A

site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

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21
Q

Substrate specific:

A

will only bind its substrate and not another

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22
Q

Induced fit:

A

substrate binds the active site -> enzyme contours to the shape of the substrate -> enzyme-substrate interaction stronger. (MAKES SURE SUBSTRATE DOES NOT MOVE)

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23
Q

Activation energy:

A

Amount of energy required to initiate a reaction

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24
Q

Enzymes decrease the Activation energy causing reactions to occur _____.

A

Faster, makes the start time much less, like starting a car. You’ll be able to drive off faster if you decrease the amount of time it takes to start it.

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25
Q

Optimal Conditions

A

Only works in specific pH & temperature. Enzymes have an optimal condition because they are a PROTEIN.

26
Q

Enzymes are never _____ or _____ during a process. Once done they are ready for a new cycle.

A

Damage or eliminate

27
Q

Feedback inhibition :

A

A way to control how much product you are producing. Too much / too less product will alter the enzyme function to maintain homeostasis. (Too much product will inhibit its own production and too less will stimulate its own production)

28
Q

Protein modulators:

A

Factors that enhance / alter protein binding or activity

29
Q

Protein Activators:

A

Activate proteins (proteolytic/allosteric/and cofactors)

30
Q

Protein Inhibitors:

A

Inhibit proteins (competitive inhibitor & Allosteric inhibitor (noncompetitive))

31
Q

Proteolytic activator:

A

Protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed

32
Q

Allosteric activator:

A

Binds to an inactive protein with no binding site for ligand and causes it to change shape and form a binding site for the ligand

33
Q

Cofactor:

A

cofactors have a binding site so they bind to an inactive protein allowing the ligand to bind to them and the protein

34
Q

Most common cofactors are :

A

Ca(calcium), Mg(magnesium), & Fe(iron)

35
Q

Competitive inhibitor:

A

blocks the ligand binding site of a protein by binding to it

36
Q

Competitive inhibitor can be overcome by ___ the _________ ________.

A

increasing , substrate (ligand) concentration

37
Q

Allosteric inhibitor(noncompetitive inhibitor):

A

The noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the site away from the ligand site causing the protein to change shape, losing its ligand binding site. This is irreversible.

38
Q

When taking about enzymes which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate

A

active site/substrate(reactant)

39
Q

When taking about proteins which terms do you use? active site or binding site , ligand or substrate

A

Binding site/ligand

40
Q

What is another name for aerobic metabolism?

A

Cellular respiration

41
Q

What is another names for cellular respiration ?

A

Aerobic metabolism

42
Q

Cellular respiration is made up of four metabolic pathways:

A

glycolysis , preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)

43
Q

Which three metabolic pathway steps occur within the mitochondria?

A

preparatory step(intermediate step) , Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport system (ETC)

44
Q

What must you have for the metabolic pathways to occur in the mitochondria?

A

oxygen

45
Q

Anytime your body produces indirect forms of energy it goes to the _____ to convert it to ATP.

A

ETC , electronic transport chain

46
Q

Glucose we eat enters the pathway called

A

glycolysis; (producing ATP)

47
Q

Product of predatory step (intermediate step) goes to the ____ to turn it into ATP.

A

citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

48
Q

ETC (electronic transport system/chain)

A

A process in which the indirect energy (NADH+H & FADH2) is converted into direct energy (ATP).

49
Q

ETC process occurs in the :

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

In presence of Oxygen pyruvate :

A

Enters mitochondria and starts intermediate step

51
Q

In absence of Oxygen pyruvate

A

Stays in cytoplasm and becomes lactic acid

52
Q

Carbohydrates, after being used by your body, are converted to _____ via glycogenesis, and then converted to _____ via lipogenesis.

A

glycogen, fats

53
Q

Type of carbohydrate

A

glucose

54
Q

Lipids, after being used by your body, are _____ then can be later converted into ____ via gluconeogenesis.

A

stored, glucose

55
Q

Types of lipids:

A

glycerol and free fatty acids

56
Q

Amino acids, after being used to produce proteins, are converted to _______ via gluconeogenesis.

A

glucose. (occurs in a starving state)

57
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (fats/Amino Acids)

58
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Production of glycogen from glucose

59
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose

60
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Production of lipids

61
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of lipids

62
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, byproduct is ketone bodies

Physiology (13 decks)

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