Week 5: Phonological Processes and Rules

Question 1

persisting normal processes

Answer 1

those normal phonological processes which remain in the child’s pronunciation patterns long after the age at which they would have been expected to be suppressed

Question 2

chronological mismatch

Answer 2

the co-occurence of some of the earliest normal simplifying processes with some patterns of pronunciation characteristics of later stages in phonological development
example: child deletes the alveolar plosive /t/ yet accurately process the affricate /tch/

Question 3

unusal processes

Answer 3

simplifying patterns not typically seen in normal speech

example: use of glottal replacement for stops

Question 4

variable use of processes

Answer 4

occurs where more than one simplifying process routinely operates with the same target type of structure
example: fronting of /k/ and deletion of /k/

Question 5

systematic sound preference

Answer 5

when on type of consonant is used for a large range of different target types

• may identify several different processes that result in a large reduction of the phonological contrasts int he child’s system
• may be indicative of a phonological learning disability

Question 6

phonological strategies can be noted by

Answer 6

perceptual (hw they are perceiving the sound themselves) and productive factors (motor limitation)

Question 7

syllable maintaining processes

Answer 7

child has errors but keeps syllable count:

assimilation, reduplication, metathesis

Question 8

syllable reducing processes

Answer 8

weak syllable deletion, coalescence

Question 9

derivation

Answer 9

how sounds are changed and simplified in a word

Question 10

“place” [pleis] > [beip]

Answer 10

[peis] /l/ deleted as cluster is reduced
[peip] labial assimilation
[beip] prevocalic voicing

Question 11

“cob” [kab] > [dab]

Answer 11

1. fronting

2. prevocalic voicing

Question 12

“ship” to “dip”

Answer 12

1. fronting
2. stopping
3. prevocalic voicing

Question 13

constituent processes applied to therapy

Answer 13

address each constituent process indiviually

Question 14

what does it mean to select inappropriate processes to target during treatment

Answer 14

those that are not age appropriate

those that are not in adult language being learned

Question 15

Phonological representation refers to

Answer 15

the underlying representation, which is information that the speaker has and how that relates to what actually is produced.

Question 16

phonetic representation is

Answer 16

The surface representation; and that means the way a word is actually produced.

Question 17

unmarked values

Answer 17

the early sounds that come in

Question 18

marked values

Answer 18

later developing phonemes and more complex sounds from an articulatory standpoint

Question 19

when a child is going from target representation to surface representation, it can be due to

Answer 19

phonological factors or phonetic factors

Question 20

phonological change usually affects

Answer 20

more than one sound

Question 21

three considerations for phonological rules

Answer 21

1. element that will change (phoneme or class of phonemes)
2. specific change that will occur (deleting, inserting, or moving, or changing features)
3. context where change will occur (syllable or word position, nearby segments)

Question 22

in order to capture phonological patterns, we want to be able to look and describe what’s changing in terms of

Answer 22

distinctive features