Week 12: Linguistically Based Approaches

Question 1

what is focus of linguistically based approaches?

Answer 1

on sound and feature contrast and to replace error patterns with appropriate phonological patterns

Question 2

behaviors targeted for treatment

Answer 2

• selection of target behaviors is based on phonological errors as they relate to patterns that may describe errors
• once the pattern or process is identified, individual sounds are chosen

Question 3

instructional procedures

Answer 3

tx is designed to facilitate acquisition of sound contrasts and or sequences with an emphasis on generalization

Question 4

the three methods within linguistically based approaches

Answer 4

• distinctive features approach
• minimal-pair contrast therapy
• cycles approach

Question 5

focus is on strategies for ___________ the child’s phonological system

Answer 5

reorganizing

Question 6

distinctive features approach objectives

Answer 6

• establish a feature that is absent in the child’s repertoire
• involves focusing on sounds that contain that feature
• treatment can focus on more than one sound that contains that feature

Question 7

steps to distinctive feature approach

Answer 7

1. identify feature that client has difficulty with
2. target phonemes that are in error that share the same feature
3. goal is to target a phonological pattern that may underlie several error sound

Question 8

distinctive features: impact on generalization

Answer 8

by focusing on a feature, we are able to target a range of phonemes

Question 9

limitations to distinctive features approach

Answer 9

• features are a classification system and were not designed for a clinical intervention
• may not be useful to describe all error patterns produced by a speaker like omissions and distortions

Question 10

what is taught in the minimal pairs approach?

Answer 10

the client will be taught that different sounds signal different meanings in words by focusing on word pairs that differ with respect to one element

Question 11

phonemic contrasts can relate to

Answer 11

1. feature differences between sounds

2. difference in syllable shapes

Question 12

how to target feature differences between sounds (MP)

Answer 12

use pairs of words that differ with respect to one phoneme

ex.
- manner of production
- place of production
- voicing

Question 13

how to target difference in syllable shape (MP)

Answer 13

use pairs that differ with respect to syllable shape

• final consonant deletion
• clusters

Question 14

when to use minimal pair approach?

Answer 14

with kids who don’t have a phonemic contrast between sounds

Question 15

what are minimal oppositions?

Answer 15

where several features contrast between target and second sound
“can” vs. “man” — the difference in place, manner, and voicing

Question 16

underlying concepts of cycles approach

Answer 16

• designed for children with multiple sound errors
• focus on children acquiring appropriate phonological patterns rather than eliminating errors
• moves through targets in a sequential manner
• not based on criterion level of perfomance

Question 17

what is the purpose of cycles approach?

Answer 17

to stimulate emergence of a sound, not to facilitate mastery (don’t need to meet criterion to move on to next cycle)

Question 18

what is the rationale of cycles approach?

Answer 18

will approximate phonological acquisition which is gradual

Question 19

in cycles approach, the length of the cycle and the sequence of intervention targets can

Answer 19

vary, depending on the child’s needs

Question 20

in cycles approach, patterns are focused upon

Answer 20

for a given period of time in a cycle

Question 21

cycles optimal primary targets

Answer 21

1. syllableness — omission of syllable nuclei such as vowels, diphthongs
2. single consonants when consistently omitted in a word position
3. /s/ clusters eithe rin word inital or word final
4. anterior/posterior contrast
5. liquids

Question 22

cycles secondary targets

Answer 22

1. palatals
2. other consonant sequences
3. singleton stridents (f, s)
4. voicing contrasts

Question 23

cycles approach sequence

Answer 23

1. listening activity: clinician reads words
2. target word cards: client creates word cards
3. production practice
4. stimulability probing
5. listening activity is repeated
6. phonological awareness activity: can include rhyming and segmentation
7. home program

Question 24

what important in choosing an approach and what should you consider?

Answer 24

your theoretical background, how you see child language development
consider: type and number of errors or patterns, consistency of errors or patterns, client’s treatment history