Week 4: Phonological Patterns Flashcards
what would a phonological pattern be in a child’s sample?
if they are fronting all velars
if they are stopping all fricatives
three phonological models used to classify phonological patterns:
- phonological processes
- phonological rules
- phonologic contraints
types of phonological processes
- syllable structure processes
- substitution processes
- assimilation processes
syllable structure processes
where the word or syllable structure is simplified somehow
ex. deleting a syllable, adding a syllable, or a sound
syllable deletion
typical the unstressed syllable
ex. “spaghetti” > [gԑdi]
consonant deletion
typically affects initial or final consonant
final consonant: usually eliminated by 3 years old
reduplication
partial or total repetition of a syllable or word
usually eliminated by 3 years
ex. “water” > [wawa]
consonant cluster reduction/simplification
total cluster reduction vs. partial cluster reduction
ex.
“snake” > [neɪkeɪ] (partial)
“snake” > [eɪk] (total)
cluster reduction and substitution
substitution for one member of a cluster and reduction of another
ex. “scream” > [stim] (sub /c/ for /t/, reduction of /r/)
epenthesis
a process that results in the insertion of a vowel between two consonants (usually shwa)
ex.
insert vowel between cluster “spoon” > [səpun]
add vowel to end of word “color” > [kʌlərə]
insertion of consonant “soap” > [sΘop]
substitution processes
when one segment or sound turns into a different segment or sound
ex. fin to tin
stopping
replacing fricatives or affricates with stop consonants
replacing continuant phoneme with stop, affricate, or nasal
fronting
velar fronting: replacing a velar consonant /k, g, ng/ by a more anterior consonant (typically alveolar)
ex. “cake” > /teɪk/
palatal fronting (depalatalization): substituting an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative OR an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate ex. "shoe" > /su/
backing
replacing an anterior consonant with a posterior consonant
ex. “two” > /ku/
stridency deletion
deleting or replacing a strident sound [f, v, s, z, sh, ch] with a nonstrident sound
ex. “soap” > /oup/
deaffrication
substituting a fricative for an affricate
ex. “jeep” > /zip/
“cheese” > /ʃiz/
depalatalization
substituting an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative
“shed” > /sεd/
gliding
replacing liquids with glides
ex. “red” > “wed”, “leaf” > /wif/ or /jif/
vowelization/vocalization
syllabic liquids or nasal are replaced with vowels
ex. “paper” > /peɪpo/
assimilation process
change a segment to become more similar to a surrounding segment
total assimilation vs partial
total: consonants that contrast in adult model are identical in child form
partial: consonants of the child form are more similar than in the adult model
ex. “bed” > [bԑb] total
“gun” > [dʌn] partial
“thank” [geɪnk]
progressive assimilation vs. regressive
sounds that cause change precedes the affected sound
ex. /koʊt/ > [koʊk]
sounds that cause change follows affected sound
ex. /teɪk/ > [keɪk]
velar assimilation
alveolar consonant changes to become more like a velar consonant
ex. teɪk/ > [keɪk]
/dag/ > [gag]
labial assimilation
a nonlabial consonant is replaced with a labial consonant in a context containing a labial consonant
ex. /naif/ > [maif]
alveolar assimilation
assimilatio of a nonalveolar sound to an alveolar sound
ex. /tap/ > [tat], /sup/ > [sut]
nasal assimilation
assimilation of a nonnasal to a nasal consonant
ex. /gʌn/ > [nʌn]
prevocalic voicing
the change of a voiceless obstruent (fricative, affricate, or stop) into a voiced one when preceding a vowel within the same syllable
ex. /tek/ > [dek]
final consonant devoicing
incolves the devoicing of a voiced obstruent when it occurs at the end of a syllable
ex. /meɪd/ > [meɪt]
coalescence
features from two adjacent sounds combine to form one sound (total assimilation)
ex. /swεɾɚ/ > [fεɾɚ]
idiosyncratic patterns
error patterns that have not been documented in normal children or that occur infrequently in the normal population
characteristics of uncommon processes
a later-developing sound replaces an earlier-developing sound
the child’s production constitutes an addition to the adult form
the child consistently uses a sound not present in the native language
the child uses a suprasegmental feature in a manner not seen in that language
unusal/idiosyncratic phonological processes
atypical cluster reduction (/pleɪ/ > [leɪ])
initial consonant deletion
medial consonant deletion
apicalization (when labial is replaced with tongue tip consonant [b >d])
backing of stops (/toʊ/ > [koʊ])
backing of fricatives (/s/ > /sh/)
glottal replacement
medial consonant sub (intervocalic consonant replaced with one or more phonemes)
denasalization
devoicing of stops (/t/ for /d/)
fricatives replacing stops (/s/ for /t/)
stops replacing glides (/d/ for /j/)
metathesis (reversal of two sounds)
migration (moving sound from one part of word to another)
