Week 4: Phonological Patterns

Question 1

what would a phonological pattern be in a child’s sample?

Answer 1

if they are fronting all velars

if they are stopping all fricatives

Question 2

three phonological models used to classify phonological patterns:

Answer 2

1. phonological processes
2. phonological rules
3. phonologic contraints

Question 3

types of phonological processes

Answer 3

1. syllable structure processes
2. substitution processes
3. assimilation processes

Question 4

syllable structure processes

Answer 4

where the word or syllable structure is simplified somehow

ex. deleting a syllable, adding a syllable, or a sound

Question 5

syllable deletion

Answer 5

typical the unstressed syllable

ex. “spaghetti” > [gԑdi]

Question 6

consonant deletion

Answer 6

typically affects initial or final consonant

final consonant: usually eliminated by 3 years old

Question 7

reduplication

Answer 7

partial or total repetition of a syllable or word
usually eliminated by 3 years
ex. “water” > [wawa]

Question 8

consonant cluster reduction/simplification

Answer 8

total cluster reduction vs. partial cluster reduction
ex.
“snake” > [neɪkeɪ] (partial)
“snake” > [eɪk] (total)

Question 9

cluster reduction and substitution

Answer 9

substitution for one member of a cluster and reduction of another
ex. “scream” > [stim] (sub /c/ for /t/, reduction of /r/)

Question 10

epenthesis

Answer 10

a process that results in the insertion of a vowel between two consonants (usually shwa)
ex.
insert vowel between cluster “spoon” > [səpun]
add vowel to end of word “color” > [kʌlərə]
insertion of consonant “soap” > [sΘop]

Question 11

substitution processes

Answer 11

when one segment or sound turns into a different segment or sound
ex. fin to tin

Question 12

stopping

Answer 12

replacing fricatives or affricates with stop consonants

replacing continuant phoneme with stop, affricate, or nasal

Question 13

fronting

Answer 13

velar fronting: replacing a velar consonant /k, g, ng/ by a more anterior consonant (typically alveolar)
ex. “cake” > /teɪk/

palatal fronting (depalatalization): substituting an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative OR an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate
ex. "shoe" > /su/

Question 14

backing

Answer 14

replacing an anterior consonant with a posterior consonant

ex. “two” > /ku/

Question 15

stridency deletion

Answer 15

deleting or replacing a strident sound [f, v, s, z, sh, ch] with a nonstrident sound
ex. “soap” > /oup/

Question 16

deaffrication

Answer 16

substituting a fricative for an affricate
ex. “jeep” > /zip/
“cheese” > /ʃiz/

Question 17

depalatalization

Answer 17

substituting an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative

“shed” > /sεd/

Question 18

gliding

Answer 18

replacing liquids with glides

ex. “red” > “wed”, “leaf” > /wif/ or /jif/

Question 19

vowelization/vocalization

Answer 19

syllabic liquids or nasal are replaced with vowels

ex. “paper” > /peɪpo/

Question 20

assimilation process

Answer 20

change a segment to become more similar to a surrounding segment

Question 21

total assimilation vs partial

Answer 21

total: consonants that contrast in adult model are identical in child form
partial: consonants of the child form are more similar than in the adult model
ex. “bed” > [bԑb] total
“gun” > [dʌn] partial
“thank” 􏰀 [geɪnk]

Question 22

progressive assimilation vs. regressive

Answer 22

sounds that cause change precedes the affected sound
ex. /koʊt/ > [koʊk]
sounds that cause change follows affected sound
ex. /teɪk/ > [keɪk]

Question 23

velar assimilation

Answer 23

alveolar consonant changes to become more like a velar consonant
ex. teɪk/ > [keɪk]
/dag/ > [gag]

Question 24

labial assimilation

Answer 24

a nonlabial consonant is replaced with a labial consonant in a context containing a labial consonant
ex. /naif/ > [maif]

Question 25

alveolar assimilation

Answer 25

assimilatio of a nonalveolar sound to an alveolar sound

ex. /tap/ > [tat], /sup/ > [sut]

Question 26

nasal assimilation

Answer 26

assimilation of a nonnasal to a nasal consonant

ex. /gʌn/ > [nʌn]

Question 27

prevocalic voicing

Answer 27

the change of a voiceless obstruent (fricative, affricate, or stop) into a voiced one when preceding a vowel within the same syllable
ex. /tek/ > [dek]

Question 28

final consonant devoicing

Answer 28

incolves the devoicing of a voiced obstruent when it occurs at the end of a syllable
ex. /meɪd/ > [meɪt]

Question 29

coalescence

Answer 29

features from two adjacent sounds combine to form one sound (total assimilation)
ex. /swεɾɚ/ > [fεɾɚ]

Question 30

idiosyncratic patterns

Answer 30

error patterns that have not been documented in normal children or that occur infrequently in the normal population

Question 31

characteristics of uncommon processes

Answer 31

a later-developing sound replaces an earlier-developing sound
the child’s production constitutes an addition to the adult form
the child consistently uses a sound not present in the native language
the child uses a suprasegmental feature in a manner not seen in that language

Question 32

unusal/idiosyncratic phonological processes

Answer 32

atypical cluster reduction (/pleɪ/ > [leɪ])
initial consonant deletion
medial consonant deletion
apicalization (when labial is replaced with tongue tip consonant [b >d])
backing of stops (/toʊ/ > [koʊ])
backing of fricatives (/s/ > /sh/)
glottal replacement
medial consonant sub (intervocalic consonant replaced with one or more phonemes)
denasalization
devoicing of stops (/t/ for /d/)
fricatives replacing stops (/s/ for /t/)
stops replacing glides (/d/ for /j/)
metathesis (reversal of two sounds)
migration (moving sound from one part of word to another)