Week 5: Histology Flashcards by William Max Brcko

ID the structures indicated by marker #1

Gustatory (Von Ebner’s) glands

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ID the structure and function indicated by marker #1

Gustatory (Von Ebner’s) glands and produce fluid to wash out the crypts

Only located in circumvalate papillae

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ID the structure indicated by marker #3

Lamina Propria

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ID the structure indicated by marker #2

Taste Bud

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ID this stucture

Circumvallate Papillae

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The taste buds on this papillae are most sensitive to what type of taste(s)

Bitter

Circumvallate papillae are on the very back of the tongue

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projected microvilli through the opening on this structure are termed what?

Taste pore

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From what portion of the esophagus was this biopsy taken?

Upper 1/3

Note that ~40% of the extenal thickness is skeletal muscle tissue

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Is there any evidence of Adenocarcinoma on this esophagus sample?

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What type of tissue is seen in this esophagus and is it normal?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Normal-appearing

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What type of tissue is seen in this esophagus and is it normal?

Non-keratinized simple columnar epithelium with Goblet cells

Not normal-appearing; Goblet cells are unicellular mucus secreting glands

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The esophagus of a 55-year-old man with a long history of GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease) changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium. What type of adaptive change does this epithelium reflect?

Metaplasia

A small percentage of these cases will progess to adenocarcinoma

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Why might a metaplastic change arise as a result of chronic GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease)?

Barrett esophagus may be a protective mechanism where the Goblet cells secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus which would protect the mucosa from acid reflux. This might actually be a good thing if it were not for an increased risk of adenocarcinoma.

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Name the organ seen here. Be specific

Submandibular salivary gland

ID by the composition of mucous glands and adipose tissue

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Name the structure whose lumen is indicated by markers #1 and #2

Striated Duct

most numerous in the submandibular gland

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Name the sublayer indicated by marker #1 and its predominant tissue type

Lamina Propria

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Name the structures found at A

Gastric Pits

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Name the sublayer indicated by D and the predominant tissue

Muscularis Mucosae and Smooth Muscle

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Name the structures indicated by G

Myenteric/Auerbach’s Plexus

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Name the structures found at B

Gastric Glands

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Name the layer indicated by C

Mucosa

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Name the sublayer indicated by E

Submucosa

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Name the sublayer indicated by F

Muscularis Externa/Propria

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Name the structure indicated by marker #1

Filiform Papillae

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Name the sublayer indicated by marker #2

Lamina Propria

Name the tissue indicated by marker #7

DICT ## Footnote Submucosa layer

Name the structure whose lumen is indicated by marker #3

Small Artery or arteriole

Name the structure indicated by marker #4

Fungiform Papillae ## Footnote Sometimes fungiform papillae have 1-2 taste buds.

ID the organ

Esophagus

What portion of the esophagus is this? top third, middle third, or bottom third?

top third ## Footnote lots of skeletal muscle in the muscularis externae/propria

Name the layer indicated by marker #1 and the predominant tissue in that layer

Submucosa and DICT

ID the portion of the sublayer of the esophagus indicated with marker #1 and be specific (i.e. orientation) in naming the proedominant tissue in that layer

Muscularis Externa/Propria and Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle

ID the portion of the sublayer of the esophagus indicated with marker #1 and be specific (i.e. orientation) in naming the proedominant tissue in that layer

Muscularis Externa/Propria and Circular Skeletal Muscle

A 48-year-old man is seen by his family practice doctor for the second time in three weeks, complaining of upper abdominal pain and diarrhea. The pain is sometimes, but not always, worse after eating, and it has gotten more severe over the last week. His physician orders several tests. Breath and stool antigen tests for H. pylori are negative. An endoscopic examination of his stomach reveals six ulcerated areas in the fundus and pyloric antrum. His fasting serum levels of gastrin are significantly elevated. If a neoplasm is responsible for his symptoms, the overgrowth of what kind of cell is most likely involved (be specific)?

G-cells (enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin)

In what sublayer of the stomach are G-cells located?

Epithelium of Mucosa layer

What cells in the stomach are the target of the activity of G-cells?

Parietal and Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells ## Footnote Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells secrete histamine, which increases gut motility

Are Parietal and Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells derived from the same cell as G-cells?

Yes; the Isthmus/Neck stem cells

Name the region of the organ

Pylorus of the stomach | Pyloric = Pits for passage (deeper pits with shorter glands) ## Footnote Longer pits (green bracket) and shorter glands (yellow bracket); Usually close to a 2:1 ratio

**Name the structures indicated by the yellow and green brackets, respectively**

Gastric Glands and Gastrtic Pits

**Name the organ seen here. Be specific**

Parotid salivary gland ## Footnote Long and tortuous salivary duct (marker #1), and it is predominantly serous acini.

Sialoliths can occur in any of the major salivary glands & ducts, but most often affect the submandibular gland. Name a reason that sialoliths might occur in this gland most frequently?

Long and tortuous salivary ducts, flow goes against gravity, secretions are more viscous and alkaline and contain more calcium

Why would treatment with a sialagogue be expected to help eliminate a sialolith of the parotid gland?

Increased salivation helps flush out sialoliths

A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with gnawing upper abdominal pain, especially after meals. He also complains of melena (black, tarry stools). A H. pylori breath test is positive. A biopsy is taken from the stomach can be seen below. Is this biopsy normal and if not what abnormalities are seen?

No; we can see missing epithelium in various places, looks blunted, loss of pits and glands, and many immune cells present.

This biopsy was taken from the stomach of a patient experiencing abdominal pain with a positive H. pylori infection test who developed PUD and melena (black tarry stool). What sublayers are interrupted by the lesion in this sample?

Epithelium, lamina, propria, and submucosa ## Footnote If you know your anatomy, you know that the submucosa layer contains the blood vessels and because the peptic ulcers are bleeding causing melena this layer at the minimum has to be affected.

ID the region of the organ

Fundus/Body | "Fun"dic = "Fun"ctional glands (for digestion, longer glands). ## Footnote Shorter pits (green bracket) and longer glands (yellow bracket); Usually close to a 1:4 ratio

ID the structure and function of the cells indicated by marker #1

Chief cells; secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase into the lumen of the stomach

**ID the structure and function of the cells indicated by marker #2**

Parietal cells; Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor into the lumen of the stomach

ID the region of the organ

Pylorus ## Footnote Pits:Glands is ~2:1

ID the cell whose nucleus is indicated by marker #2

Mucous Surface cell ## Footnote Goblet cells have to be unicellular

ID the cell

Schwann Cell

ID the organ. Be specific

Parotid salivary gland ## Footnote long and tortuous salivary duct (marker #1)

ID the fibers at marker #10

Collagen fibers

ID marker #5

lymphoid aggregates

ID the organ. Be specific

Sublingual salivary gland ## Footnote high level of mucous glands. low level of serous glands

ID the cell whose nucleus is indicated with marker #2

Mucous cell ## Footnote Goblet cells have to be unicellular

Identify the structure whose lumen is indicated with marker #3

Intercalated Duct ## Footnote "L" in intercalated for sub"L"ingual

**ID the organ. Be specific**

Cardia ## Footnote Pits:Glands is ~1:1 to 1:2 Pits look like pine cones

ID the layers and predominant tissues of the esophagus indicated by markers #1-3

1. Mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium 2. Submucosa - DICT 3. Adventitia - DICT ## Footnote This is top/proximal 1/3 of the esophagus because of all the skeletal muscle seen.

ID the organ. Be specific