Week 3: Histology

Question 1

ID the organ

Answer 1

Pituitary Gland

Question 2

Name a product produced by cells indicated by marker #1

Answer 2

ACTH, hGH, TSH, LH, PRL, FSH, MSH, and B-endorphins (FLAT PEG M)

Question 3

What products are released from the region indicated by marker #2?

Answer 3

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 4

Where are the products in marker #2 produced? Be specific

Answer 4

Hypothalamus:
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) - Oxytocin
Supraopotic nucleus (SON) - ADH

Question 5

Name the region of the organ indicated by marker #1

Answer 5

Adenohypophysis/Anterior Pituitary/Pars Distalis

Question 6

Name the region marker #3 is located in and the specific structure indicated by marker #3

Answer 6

Pars Intermedia and Remnant of Hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch

colloid pituitary is the embryological remnant

Question 7

ID

Answer 7

Capillary (Posterior Pituitary)

Question 8

ID the cells in the Posterior Pituitary (Pars Nervosa)

Answer 8

Pituicytes

glial cells in the Posterior Pituitary that regulate hormone release

Question 9

Name the predominant tissue indicated by marker #5, be specific

Answer 9

DICT

Question 10

Name the structure indicated by marker #1 and the hormone that acts on it

Answer 10

Intercalated duct (Pancreas) and Secretin

lighter pink than acini and receive secretions from acini

Question 11

Name the structure whose lumen is indicated by marker #5 and the hormone that stimulates these cells to release their product

Answer 11

Acinus/acini and CCK

Question 12

Name the light-colored cells indicated by marker #2

Answer 12

Centroacinar cells

small size, pale-staining (part of intercalated ducts) cytoplasm, high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

Question 13

ID

Answer 13

Intercalated Ducts

clusters of 3-5 elongated nuclei

Question 14

ID

Answer 14

Interlobular duct

substantial amounts of DICT, intralobular ducts drain, into them and they are simple cuboidal

Question 15

Name the structure indicated by marker #3

Answer 15

Islets of Langerhan

Question 16

Name 2 products produced marker #3 and what cells produce them

Answer 16

Alpha cells - Glucagon
Beta cells - Insulin

Question 17

Name the organ seen here

Answer 17

Adrenal Gland

Question 18

Name the region and vital product produced by marker #1

Answer 18

Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone

Question 19

Name the region and product produced by marker #2

Answer 19

Zona Fasciculata and Glucocorticoids like cortisol

Question 20

ID and the cell types present

Answer 20

Zona Fasciculata - spongiocytes

Question 21

Name the region and product produced by marker #3

Answer 21

Zona Reticulata and Androgens (DHEA)

Question 22

Name the region and product produced by marker #4

Answer 22

Medulla and Catacholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

Question 23

What organ is seen here? How did you recognize the organ

Answer 23

Pancreas; Islets of Langerhan

Question 24

Does this pancreas have a normal amount of Islets of Langerhans

Answer 24

No; they are hypertrohic and hyperplastic.

Normally Islets of Langerhans are ~20% of pancreas and acini are 80%

Question 25

ID the two glands

Answer 25

Parathyroid - Left Thyroid - Right (colloids present)

Question 26

Name the cells indicated by marker #1

Answer 26

Oxyphil cells

Question 27

What are the dark cells seen abundantly in the tissue on the right and what gland is this?

Answer 27

Lymphocytes (immune cells) Thyroid - colloids present

Question 28

Name the cell indicated by the yellow arrow

Answer 28

Acidophil

Question 29

Name a hormone produced by the cell indicated by the yellow arrow

Answer 29

human Growth Hormone (hgH) and Prolactin (PRL) ## Footnote "PeG" in "FLAT PEG M"

Question 30

Name the cell indicated by the yellow arrow

Answer 30

basophils

Question 31

Name a hormone produced by the cell indicated by the yellow arrow

Answer 31

Thyrotropin, Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), and Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). ## Footnote "FLAT" in "FLAT PEG M"

Question 32

ID

Answer 32

Zona Glomerulosa

Question 33

Name the region indicated by marker #3. Be specific

Answer 33

Adrenal Medulla

Question 34

Name a product produced by cells in marker #3

Answer 34

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 35

Name the region indicated by marker #1

Answer 35

Zona Fasciculata

Question 36

Name the structure indicated by marker #2 and the tissue that it is composed of

Answer 36

Adrenal Gland Capsule and DICT

Question 37

Name the organ indicated by the asterisk

Answer 37

Parathyroid Gland

Question 38

**What hormone does the organ indicated with the asterisk produce**

Answer 38

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 39

ID the organ

Answer 39

Adrenal Gland

Question 40

A 7-year-old boy was brought to clinic by his parents. He had been experiencing progressive abdominal distention, acne and appearance of pubic hair along with increased penile length for the past 18 months. Past medical and family history was unremarkable. Physical exam revealed acne over forehead and cheeks, and and pubic hair and genitalia were Tanner stage IV (typical for age 12-17) and a palpable mass was found in the left lumber region. Imaging confirmed the lesion which was biopsed and confirmed to be an adrenal tumor. Given the location of the mass and the boy’s symptoms, what substance is the large mass of cells likely producing?

Answer 40

Androgens (DHEA)

Question 41

Name the organ from which the biopsy was made

Answer 41

Thyroid Gland

Question 42

Name the product in the lumens and its principal component

Answer 42

Colloid, Thyroglobulin

Question 43

ID the organ

Answer 43

Adrenal Gland

Question 44

38-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been feeling agitated, shaky, and sweaty for the past 3 weeks. She also reports feeling as if her heart is “racing” a lot and often has feelings of impending doom but denies suicidal thoughts or plans. She also says she’s begun having severe headaches that began around the same time but denies other symptoms. She also denies illicit, prescription drug and alcohol use and says uses an IUD for birth control. Past medical history is unremarkable. The physical exam reveals pallor and elevated blood pressure (190/105) and heartrate (115) but no central body obesity, stretch marks or excess hirsutism. The physician orders labs and imaging which suggest an endocrine tumor of the Adrenal Gland. Given the location of the mass and the woman's symptoms, what cell type is most likely contributing to this patient's symptoms and what region is the large mass of cells affecting?

Answer 44

Chromaffin cells and adrenal medulla

Question 45

Name a product of the chromaffin cells.

Answer 45

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

Question 46

How does overproduction of Catecholamines by the chromaffin cells cause the patient's symptoms?

Answer 46

Catecholamines are excitatory neurotransmitters that promote the sympathetic nervous system response.

Question 47

**Name the layer indicated by marker #1 and its product**

Answer 47

Zona Fasciculata and glucocorticoids like cortisol

Question 48

Name the region indicated by the bracket

Answer 48

Pars intermedia

Question 49

Name the embryonic origin of the structures indicated by the asterisks

Answer 49

Hypophyseal (Rathke's) pouch - colloid in the pars intermedia

Question 50

ID

Answer 50

Pars Intermedia

Question 51

ID the yellow arrow

Answer 51

Posterior Pituitary (Pars Nervosa or Neurohypophysis)

Question 52

ID the black arrows

Answer 52

Pars Intermedia

Question 53

**ID the cyan arrow**

Answer 53

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Distalis or Adenohypophysis)