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AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science > Week 5: Blood & Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Week 5: Blood & Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica interna (inner)
Tunica media (middle)
Tunica externa (outer)

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2
Q

What type of lining is tunica interna?

A

Epithelium or endothelium

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3
Q

What type of lining is tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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4
Q

What type of lining is tunica externa?

A

Fibrous tissue

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5
Q

What do larger arteries consist of more of?

A

Tunica media to absorb pressure waves from the heartbeat

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6
Q

What do arterioles mostly consist of?

A

Smooth muscle

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7
Q

How do arteries withstand high pressure?

A

By having thicker walls

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8
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that return blood flow to the heart under low pressure

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9
Q

Why do veins have thinner walls?

A

Due to being less muscle/elastic tissue due to lower pressure

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10
Q

Which vessel will remain open when cut?

A

Arteries

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11
Q

Which blood vessel will collapse when cut?

A

Veins

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12
Q

What does some veins possess and why?

A

Valves, to prevent backflow of blood

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13
Q

How much blood to veins hold?

A

2/3 of blood

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14
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries carry and where from/to?

A

Carry de-oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs

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15
Q

What does the pulmonary vein carry and where from/to?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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16
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells, sitting in a thing basement membrane

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17
Q

What do capillaries allow/unallow to pass?

A

Allow water and small particles
Dont allow blood cells and plasma protiens

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18
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do?

A

Determines diameter of the lumen, decreased activity will relax smooth muscle causing vasodilation, increase activity thickens tunica media causing vasoconstriction

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19
Q

At baseline activity what controls the diameter and vol of blood?

A

The autonomic nervous system, in the vasomotor centre (medulla oblongata)

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20
Q

What 3 factors affects resistance flow?

A

Diameter, length and viscosity

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21
Q

What happens when the cardio-accelerators centre is stimulated?

A

Nerve impulse travels along the sympathetic fibres to SA/AV nodes , non-ephinephrine is released increasing heart rate and contractility

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22
Q

What happens when the cardio-inhibitory centre is stimulated?

A

Nerve impulses travel along the parasympathetic fibres to SA/AV nodes, acetylcholine is released causing a decrease in heart rate and contractility

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23
Q

What happens when the vast-motor centre is stimulated?

A

Nerve impulses travel along sympathetic fibres to blood vessels, nor-epinephrine is released causing vaso-constricction, vast-dilation occurs with decrease stimulation

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24
Q

Which centre changes smooth muscle tone leading to a change in local and systemic BP?

A

Vasomotor centre

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25
Q

What are some examples of auto regulation causing vasodilation?

A

exercise, excess CO2/hypoxia, tissue damage, inflammation or release of histamine

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26
Q

How is systolic pressure generated?

A

By ventricular contraction

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27
Q

How is diastolic pressure generated?

A

By cardiac relaxation

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28
Q

What does PP stand for and how is it calculated?

A

Pulse pressure, systolic-diastolic

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29
Q

What does MAP stand for and how is it calculated?

A

Mean arterial pressure, diastolic +1/3 (systolic- diastolic)

30
Q

What are some factors that can increase blood pressure?

A
  • blood vol increase
  • heart rate increase
  • SV increase
  • peripheral resistance increase
  • blood viscosity increase
31
Q

Where is the cardiovascular centre located?

A

Through the medulla and pons varolli

32
Q

What does the cardio vascular centre do?

A

Receives, integrates and coordinates messages from barorecptors, chemoreceptors and from higher centres

33
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure changes in the vessel, located in the aorta and carotid sinuses

34
Q

What stimulates baroreceptors?

A

A rise in BP in the arteries

35
Q

How do barorecptors decrease BP?

A

by parasympathetic activity, such as slowing down HR and inhibiting sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels

36
Q

What does CVC stand for?

A

Central venous catheter (leads to vena cava)

37
Q

How does the CVC respond ?

A

By increasing sympathetic activity (speeding up HR and increasing stimulus to blood vessels)

38
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Receptors sensitive to CO2, O2 and blood acidity

39
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

In the carotid and aortic bodies

40
Q

What are chemoreceptors primarily involved in?

A

Respiration

41
Q

What do falls in pH indicate?

A

Poor tissue perfusion

42
Q

How is chemoreceptors sympathetic response stimulated?

A

By increased transportation of O2

43
Q

What are the higher centres?

A
  • emotional states influencing changes in BP
  • hypothalamus controlling temp and can respond by adjusting blood vessel diameter
44
Q

What are some of the functions of blood?

A
  • Providing communication between cells and parts of the body
    -trasnporting gases/hormones/heat/waste
  • prevents blood loss
    -fights toxins
  • regulates pH
45
Q

Which side of the system are blood reserves on?

A

The venous side

46
Q

What is the nromal pH of blood?

A

pH 7.35-7.45 (naturally slightly alkaline)

47
Q

What does CO2 and water mix to form?

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

48
Q

What do more hydrogen ions lead to?

A

Acidosis

49
Q

What does the blood contain?

A

Thrombocytes, erythrocytes, leucocytes and plasma

50
Q

What is plasma mainly made up of?

A

91% water

51
Q

How much % of proteins contain fibrinogen

A

7%

52
Q

What are erythrocytes and where are they found?

A

Mature cells that have no nucleus, found in the bone marrow

53
Q

What is the life span of a erythrocytes?

A

105-120 days

54
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Maintain a primal pH and give blood its viscosity, transport O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the tissue, contain haemoglobin

55
Q

What are the 5 types of leucocyte/ what do they do?

A

Neutrophils (micro-organisms), esinophils (de-toxify), basophils (produce heparin), monocytes (ingest and digest) and lymphocytes (form antibodies)

56
Q

What are thrombocytes/what do they do?

A

Important for haemostasis of blood clotting, in injury platelets will adhere ti the vessel lining to form a plug stopping the escape of blood into the tissues

57
Q

What releases thrombokinase?

A

Platelets, when tissue/blood vessels are damages

58
Q

What is formed from fibrin+cells?

A

A clot

59
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid element of blood which transports the cells, making up 55% of whole blood vol

60
Q

What does the plasma carry?

A

Nutrients such as fats and proteins and carbs as well as dissolved O2, CO2 and waste

61
Q

Which proteins does plasma contain?

A
  • album, globulin, fibrinogen
  • antibodies
  • lipids such as cholesterol
  • electrolytes
  • enzymes
  • hormones
62
Q

What are the ABO blood types

A

A , B, AB, O

63
Q

What do type A have?

A

A antigens, and anti-B antibodies

64
Q

What do type B have?

A

B antigens and anit-A antibodies

65
Q

What does type AB have?

A

A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

66
Q

What does type O have?

A

No A or B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

67
Q

What does Rh+ have?

A

Rh antigen on the surface of the RBC

68
Q

What does Rh- have?

A

Does not have the Rh antigen

69
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

Type O- (due to no A, B or Rh antigens)

70
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB+ (has all antigens and no anitbodies)

71
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule that may be recognised by the immune systems and trigger an immune response by activating leukocytes

AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science (10 decks)

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