Week 12: Abdominal & Digestive System Flashcards
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right iliac region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac region
(right to left on each line)
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
- right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- left lower quadrant (LLQ)
What is associated with RUQ pain?
- hepatitis
- gallstones
- liver access
- cholangitis
- pancreatitis
- cholecystitis
What is associated with epigastric pain?
- GERD
- gastritis
- perforated ulcer
- peptic ulcer
- pancreatitis
What is associated with LUQ pain?
- spleen rupture
- acute splenomegaly
- spleen abscess
What is associated with right lumbar pain?
- renal colic
- renal
- calculi
- chron’s
- ulcerative colitis
What is associated with umbilical pain?
- appendicitis (early)
- SBO
- umbilical hernia
- constipation
What is associated with RLQ pain?
- appendicitis
- chron’s disease
- ulcerative colitis
- ectopic pregnancy
- hernia
What is associated with suprapubic pain?
- cystitis
- PID
- endometriosis
- uterine fibroids
What is associated with LLQ pain?
- diverticulitis
- ulcerative colitis
- chron’s disease
- ovarian cysts/torsion
- ectopic pregnancy
- hernia
What is the route of food in/out of the body?
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- liver
- large intestine
- anus
How does the mouth begin digestion of food?
- food is broken up into smaller pieces
- mixed with saliva (contains enzymes)
What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
- sublingual
- submandibular
- parotid
What are the 5 tastebuds on the tongue?
- spicy
- salty
- bitter
- sour
- sweet
What are the different areas of the mouth?
- soft palate
- uvula
- tonsil
- tongue
What is an enzyme?
A chemical catalyst which increases rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction they catalyse (does not get used up)
Enzymes are highly specific/complimentary to one type of metabolic reaction
What is amylase effective on?
starch + amylase -> 2x maltose
What is the most abundant enzyme in our saliva?
Salivary amylase
Where is salivary amylase released from?
Salivary glands
What begins the digestion of carbs?
Salivary amylase
What is peristalsis?
Co-ordinated rhythmical contractions of the muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal
It is the automatic action stimulated by the presence of food, and occurs in all sections of the alimentary cancel
What are the different structures of the stomach?
- serous membrane
- muscular coat
- gastric glands
- mucous coat
What are the functions of thr stomach?
- churns up food mechanically
- mixes food with digestive juice (chemical)
- protein digestion begins
- 2-6 hours later chime passed through pyloric sphincter into duodenum
What is pepsin and its function?
- secreted as pepsinogen
- breakdown of protein
What the function of hydrochloric acid?
- provides environment for pepsinogen to be activated
What is the function of mucus?
- lubrication and protection of stomach wall
Where is the duodenum located and how long is it?
25cm long and curves around the head of the pancreas, bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct open here
What occurs in the duodenum?
- pancreatic juice further digests protein, fats and carbohydrates
- bile further breaks down fats in chyme
What are the 3 main parts of the small intestine?
- duodenum (frist part of small intestine)
- jejunum
- ileum (main absorption of food takes place)
What is bile and its function?
- stored by gall bladder (under liver)
- alkaline liquid
- neutralise chyme and break up fat (emulsification)
What is pancreatic juice and what is its function?
- produced in pancreas (extension from duodenum)
- enzymes contained continue process of digestion of protein, carbohydrate and fat
What is the gallbladders main functions?
- store bile
- concentrates and releases bile into digestive system
What does bile do?
Helps with digestion
What does the gallbladder so when bile is needed?
Gallbladder contracts, forcing fluid through the cystic duct
Where is the gallbladder located?
Right side of the body
What is bile also known as?
Gall
Where is gall produced and stored?
Produced in the liver, passed into gallbladder for storage
What structures are involved in bile secretion?
- hepatocytes- initial secretion
- drained into ducts- secretion to SI, accumulation in the gallbladder
What is intestinal juice and its function?
- released by glands of small intestine
- breaks down simple sugars to glucose
- protien to amino acid
What happens when starch + amylase ->
-> 2x maltose
What happens when maltose + maltase->
-> 2x a-glucose
What happens when sucrose + sucrase->
-> a-glucose + fructose
What happens when lactose + lactase ->
-> a-glucose + galactose
What is the liver?
The largest gland in the body, soft reddish-brown colour
What is the function of the liver?
- receives oxygenated blood by hepatic artery
- deoxygenated blood by hepatic portal vein
- important in metabolism of food
How is the liver involved in the secretion of bile?
- bile is made by liver and stored by the gallbladder
- assists breakdown of fats
How is the liver involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels?
- stores excess glucose as glycogen
- some glucose stored as muscle glycogen
- surplus glucose converted to fat by the liver
How is the liver involved in the regulation of amino acid levels?
- some removed and used to make plasma proteins
- some for use by body cells in repair and growth
- excess excreted as urea by the kidneys
How is the liver involved in the regulation of fat content of blood?
- processes and transports fat
- excess stored in tissues
- regulation of plasma proteins
How is the liver involved in detoxification?
- detoxifies toxic waste, drugs and excretes in bile or through kidneys
How is the liver involved in storage?
- vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12
- minerals iron, potassium, copper
What are the different parts of the colon?
- caecum (appendix)
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
What are the functions of the large intestine?
- absorption of water from faeces
- formation and storage of faeces
- production of mucous
- explosion of faeces
What is the rectum?
- last part of the large intestine
- 12cms long
- attached to sacrum and ends 5cms below the coccyx
What is the function of the rectum?
Feaces is stored here
What is the anus and its function?
- an opening at the lower end of alimentary canal
- anus remains closed, expect during defecation
