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AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science > Week 3: Mechanics of Respiration > Flashcards

Week 3: Mechanics of Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

In what type of breathing is inspiration active?

A

Both quiet and deep

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2
Q

In what type of breathing is expiration passive?

A

Quiet

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3
Q

In what type of breathing is Expiration active?

A

Deep

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4
Q

When do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract?

A

Inspiration

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5
Q

When do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

A

Expiration

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6
Q

How does thoracic cavity expand?

A

The intercostals pull against the rib expanding the cavity into three planes

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7
Q

What are the three planes the thoracic cavity is expanded into?

A

Anterior, lateral, inferior

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8
Q

What are the accessory muscles in laboured breathing?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalene
  • pectorals
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9
Q

In laboured breathing what type of process is expiration?

A

Active

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10
Q

Pressure and Size of a container are what to each other, if the temperature stays the same?

A

Directly proportional

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11
Q

As thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the pressure?

A

Pressure decreases

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12
Q

As thoracic cavity decreases, what happens to pressure?

A

Pressure increases

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13
Q

How much % of inspired air contains oxygen?

A

21%

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14
Q

How much of expired air contains nitrogen and rare gases?

A

78%

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15
Q

Which gas will have the same %, inspired and expired?

A

Nitrogen

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16
Q

How is partial pressure calculated?

A

The total partial pressure of a mixture is calculated by the sum of all the pressures (P’s)

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17
Q

What is the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture of gases called?

A

Partial Pressure (P)

18
Q

What Law is linked to pressure?

A

Daltons Law

19
Q

What is atmospheric air pressure at sea level?

A

760mmHg

20
Q

How is alveolar air different to atmospheric air?

A

It has more CO2 and less O2 and it has water saturation

21
Q

Where do the alveoli allow efficient gas exchange between?

A

Between the air and the bloodstream

22
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air?

A

104mmHg

23
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air?

A

40mmHg

24
Q

By what process does the exchange of gases occour when a difference in partial pressure exists across a semi-permeable membrane?

A

Diffusion

25
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

26
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the body cells

27
Q

How is 98.5% of oxygen transported?

A

Carried in a chemical combination with haemoglobin , called oxyhemoglobin

28
Q

How is 70% of CO2 transported?

A

In the form of bicarbonate ions (H2CO3)

29
Q

What are the two areas of the PONS called?

A

Apneaustic and pneumotaxic

30
Q

What does the apneustic centre do?

A

sends impulses from neurones to excite inspiratory area of medualla, prolonging inspiration, by flattening diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contracting

31
Q

What does the Pneumatic centre do?

A

Sends inhibitory impulses to the medulla to stop inspiration and initiate expiration

32
Q

What makes up the respiratory centre?

A

Medulla and the PONS

33
Q

What are located in the medulla?

A

Inspiratory and expiratory neurones in the action of breathing in and out/transition between the two

34
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Respond to changes in PO2 and PCO2 in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

Surface of the medulla oblongata

36
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Rises in arterial PCO2, to then stimulate the respiratory centre to increase the rate and depth of respirations

37
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies

38
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors more sensitive to?

A

Smalle rises in PCO2 than reductions in PO2, so sends nerve impulses from peripheral chemorectpros to repiratory centres

39
Q

Where are stretch receptors located?

A

They are situated in the thoracic walls

40
Q

What do stretch receptors do?

A

Stop over-inflation of the lungs by sending inhibitory impulses from the vagus nerve to the respiratory centre

41
Q

What reflex stops over inflation?

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science (10 decks)

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