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AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science > Week 4: Coronary Circulation > Flashcards

Week 4: Coronary Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are autorhythmic cells and what do they do?

A
  • specialised muscle cells
  • self depolarising
  • form the conduction system and carry impulses
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2
Q

What are contractile cells and what do they do?

A
  • cells that contract in response to impulse
  • branched fibres
  • cells connected to one another by gap junctions
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3
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

SA node, pacemakers, involved in the inter nodal pathway

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4
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

AV node, gatekeeper, involved in the AV bundle (left and right branches) and purkinje fibres.

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5
Q

What sinus rhythm does the conduction system set?

A

60-100bpm

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6
Q

How does conduction occur through the heart?

A
  1. SA node begins depolarisation (contraction)
  2. the impulse travels through the atria by inter-nodal pathway
  3. impulse spreads to AV node
  4. impulse delayed at AV node for 0.1 sec
  5. impulse travels through AV bundle
  6. impulse distributed throughout the ventricles by purkinje fibres
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7
Q

What causes an increase in calcium action potential in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

A cardiac action potential

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8
Q

In what phase do Ca2+ enter the myofibril?

A

During the plateau phase

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9
Q

What does a cardiac action potential maintain?

A

Contraction, aiding the heart function

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10
Q

Which nerve supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

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11
Q

What are the three stages in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • ventricular diastole
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12
Q

Which chambers of the heart go through systole and diastole?

A

All chambers of the heart

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13
Q

What occurs in atrial systole?

A

SAN discharges and atria contract, ventricles relax, lasts 0.1 sec, responsible for 20% ventricular filling

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14
Q

What occurs in ventricular systole?

A

(0.3sec) ventricles contract, IV pressure rises, AV valves close, iso-volumetric contraction, ventricular pressure increases, SL valves open, blood enters aorta, end systolic vol = 60-70ml

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14
Q

What occurs in ventricular diastole?

A

(0.4sec) ventricles relax, blood starts flowing back from vessel, SL close, iso-voulmeric relaxation, rapid filling of ventricle (80%), atrial systole (transfer remaining blood to ventricles 20%), end diastolic vol= 130-140ml

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15
Q

What are some factors that can affect heart rate?

A

Gender, autonomic nerve activity, age, circulating hormones, activity/exercise, temp, baroreceptor reflex, emotional states

16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per min

17
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO=HR X SV

18
Q

What are 3 main factors that can affect heart rate?

A
  • autonomic innervation
  • hormones
  • parasympathetic stimulation
19
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting stroke volume?

A
  • preload
  • contractility
  • afterload
20
Q

How does preload affect SV?

A

An increase end-diastolic vol increases stretching which increase SV

An increase in venous return increases preload, increasing SV

21
Q

How does contractility increase SV?

A

An increase int he strength of contraction increases SV

Better tines heart has stronger contraction. Sympathetic stimulation, adrenaline and calcium ions increase cotractility

22
Q

How does afterload decrease SV?

A

An increase in afterload decresases SV

High blood pressure, obesity, stress decrease SV

Exercise increases SV

23
Q

What is a cardiac reserve?

A

The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

24
Q

Who may have an increased cardiac output by 7/8 X?

A

Trained athletes

25
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of lipid

26
Q

How is cholesterol transported?

A

By transport proteins

27
Q

What does too much cholesterol lead to?

A

Deposition in blood vessels, causing a reduced blood floe and causing tissue hypoxia, can potentially lead to a clot

28
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what can it lead to?

A

The thickening of blood vessels due to cholesterol deposition.

Can reduce blood supply to vital heart muscle tissue, leading to hypoxia, causing the tissue to die, causing myocardial infarction which disturbs impulse conduction

AHP 101 Applied Human Sciences in Paramedic Science (10 decks)

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