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Biochemical Principles > Week 5: Biochemistry Of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Week 5: Biochemistry Of Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

What is another name for the 4 basic types of organic molecules?

A

Macromolecules

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of organic molecules?

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

(T/F) Macromolecules are small, bonded concatenations of small molecules.

A

False - they are giant, bonded concatenations of small molecules

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3
Q

Macromolecules are composed of smaller ___________ (molecules characteristic of their class).

A

Subunit

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4
Q

A primary biological macromolecules made from amino acids

A

Proteins

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5
Q

A primary biological macromolecule made from sugars.

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

A primary biological macromolecule made from aliphatic chains and sterol.

A

Lipids

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7
Q

A primary biological macromolecule made from nucleotides.

A

Nucleic Acids

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8
Q

What does the suffix “-ose” mean?

A

Molecule that is a sugar or carbohydrate.

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9
Q

What are macromolecular-sized carbohydrates that are made of repeating subunits of sugars?

A

Starches

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10
Q

What is the characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar?

A
  • ring of 4 or 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom included in the ring
  • with numerous OH- (hydroxyl) groups attached to the ring
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11
Q

What is the base biological sugar that was converted from starch and sugars used for energy production?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What are single sugar moieties or subunit building blocks?

A

Monosaccharide

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13
Q

________ are 2 monosaccharide bonded by an oxygen bridge, using a __________ ___________ reaction.

A

Disaccharides

Dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

What are 2 monomers that are bonded?

A

Dimers

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15
Q

A small length polysaccharide with 3 to 10 sugar subunits.

A

Oligoaaccharide

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16
Q

Plants create 3 major starch types:

A

1) amylose
2) amylopectin
3) cellulose

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17
Q

A starch created by animals and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

What is the high energy storage molecule?

A

ATP

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19
Q

What are the 2 distinct process that creat ATP?

A

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle / Oxidative Phosphorylation

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20
Q

Glucose exists as enantiomers. What are the 2?

A

L-glucose

D-glucose

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21
Q

(T/F) Only L-glucose is used in biological systems for energy generation.

A

False - it’s D-glucose

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22
Q

2 monosaccharides are bonded by an enzyme, one molecule of H2O is released, this process is called?

A

dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

When an H2O molecule is released in sugar bonding, the process is called?

A

Glycosidic bond

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24
Q

Starches and other polysaccharides are composed entirely of ________ __________ btwn monomers

A

Glycosidic bonds

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25
Q

In a Glycosidic bond, one Hydroxyl group (OH-) and one H+ are removed, an ___________ bridge forms btwn 2 ring structures and H2O is released

A

Oxygen

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26
Q

Dehydration synthesis releases water into the cytoplasm. ITs opposite reaction is called ________

A

Hydrolysis

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27
Q

Hydrolysis is known as a _________ process where water is needed to help with the breakdown process

A

Catabolic

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28
Q

Starches are usually composed of ______ type of monomer

A

one

29
Q

Sucrose are usually composed of _______ types of monomers

A

two

30
Q

T/F Starches are generally not readily soluble in water.

A

True

31
Q

___________ is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by __________. a common salivary and intestinal enzyme

A

Amylose; Amylase

32
Q

Amylose is made up a long-chain plant starch of ________ __________

A

glucose monomers

33
Q

The animal starch storage molecule is known as ______________

A

Glycogen

34
Q

The generation of glycogen from monomers is called ____________

A

Glycogenesis

35
Q

Glycogen has a _________ core which makes it special.

A

Protein

36
Q

Hydrogen bonds in cellulose are ________ attractions of hydrogen to adjacent oxygen

A

weak

37
Q

The exoskeletons of insects are made of _______

A

Chitin

38
Q

This is known as Animal starch as a protective cover….

A

Chitin

39
Q

Chitin is made up of repeating monomers of _________ ______________, a sugar-amino monomer

A

N-acetyl(2) glucosamine

40
Q

A chondroitin sulfate is a polysaccharide that has _______ different monomers

A

two

41
Q

This process of chemical reactions allows organisms to nourish themselves, reproduce & grow, build and re-build structure and respond to environmental changes

A

Metabolism

42
Q

Catabolic processes ______ ________ molecules & macromolecules to harvest nutrition & energy

A

break down

43
Q

Metabolic processes are classified as ________ or __________

A

catabolic or anabolic

44
Q

Anabolic processes _________ molecules & macromolecules in a process called biosynthesis. Stores glycogen and fat.

A

build

45
Q

ATP is produced in the _______ ____________ process of metabolism

A

Aerobic respiration

46
Q

Aerobic Respiration has ____ steps

A

four

47
Q

_________________ are the most commonly used molecules to generate cellular energy

A

Carbohydrates

48
Q

Cellular energy primarily drives the activity of ___________

A

Enzymes

49
Q

Carbohydrates in the form of glucose, fuel the systems that create _____

A

ATP

50
Q

Two methods to generate ATP are 1. ___________ and the more effective (19x more) ATP created 2. ___________ followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  1. Glycolysis & 2. Eukaryote Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
51
Q

The utilization of glucose and other small molecules to create ATP is called _________ respiration. Can occur in presence of Oxygen or not.

A

cellular

52
Q

Anaerobic Respiration takes place without ____, and is called Glycolysis

A

O2

53
Q

Aerobic respiration requires _____, but produces an abundance of ATP and carbon dioxide.

A

O2

54
Q

The most common fuels for Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration processes are _____ & ______

A

glucose & fructose

55
Q

_____ ___-glucose gets into respiration

A

Beta D-glucose

56
Q

____________ go thru a catabolic process to fuel aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Macromolecules

57
Q

Polysaccharide starches are broken down by enzymatic action and ________________

A

Hydrolyzed

58
Q

Proteins are broken down by ______________, enzymes active in the stomach acid

A

Proteases

59
Q

Lipids are broken down by ________ after the have been dissolved in bile acids

A

Lipases

60
Q

The suffix “ase” indicates an _______

A

Enzyme

61
Q

In step one of general metabolism - Large Carbohydrates are degraded into _______ _______

A

simple sugars

62
Q

In step 2 of general metabolism - Sugars enter Glycolysis and form ________ + 2ATP + NADH

A

Pyruvate

63
Q

In step 3 of general metabolism - Pyruvate converts to ________ __________ A

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

64
Q

In step 4 of general metabolism - Acetyl CoA enters _________ __________ cycle

A

Citric Acid

65
Q

In step 5 of general metabolism - ______ is produced from Oxidative Phosphorylation of Krebs products plus Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

ATP

66
Q

Glycolysis metabolizes simple sugars to create __________ acid. B D-glucose is only simple sugar that enters glycolytic cycle.

A

Pyruvic

67
Q

When glucose is not immediately available, the body goes into survivor mode and starts an anabolic process called ______________. This process is regulated by insulin

A

Gluconeogenesis

68
Q

____________ acid is the important process of Glycolysis. IT will feed carbon into Krebs cycle.

A

Pyruvic

69
Q

Acetyl CoEnzyme A shunts carbon from Pyruvate into the ________ cycle

A

Krebs

70
Q

The Krebs cycle has a __________ Motion happening within it.

A

Brownian

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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