Week 5: Biochemistry Of Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is another name for the 4 basic types of organic molecules?
Macromolecules
What are the 4 basic types of organic molecules?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
(T/F) Macromolecules are small, bonded concatenations of small molecules.
False - they are giant, bonded concatenations of small molecules
Macromolecules are composed of smaller ___________ (molecules characteristic of their class).
Subunit
A primary biological macromolecules made from amino acids
Proteins
A primary biological macromolecule made from sugars.
Carbohydrates
A primary biological macromolecule made from aliphatic chains and sterol.
Lipids
A primary biological macromolecule made from nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
What does the suffix “-ose” mean?
Molecule that is a sugar or carbohydrate.
What are macromolecular-sized carbohydrates that are made of repeating subunits of sugars?
Starches
What is the characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar?
- ring of 4 or 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom included in the ring
- with numerous OH- (hydroxyl) groups attached to the ring
What is the base biological sugar that was converted from starch and sugars used for energy production?
Glucose
What are single sugar moieties or subunit building blocks?
Monosaccharide
________ are 2 monosaccharide bonded by an oxygen bridge, using a __________ ___________ reaction.
Disaccharides
Dehydration synthesis
What are 2 monomers that are bonded?
Dimers
A small length polysaccharide with 3 to 10 sugar subunits.
Oligoaaccharide
Plants create 3 major starch types:
1) amylose
2) amylopectin
3) cellulose
A starch created by animals and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
Glycogen
What is the high energy storage molecule?
ATP
What are the 2 distinct process that creat ATP?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle / Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glucose exists as enantiomers. What are the 2?
L-glucose
D-glucose
(T/F) Only L-glucose is used in biological systems for energy generation.
False - it’s D-glucose
2 monosaccharides are bonded by an enzyme, one molecule of H2O is released, this process is called?
dehydration synthesis
When an H2O molecule is released in sugar bonding, the process is called?
Glycosidic bond
Starches and other polysaccharides are composed entirely of ________ __________ btwn monomers
Glycosidic bonds
In a Glycosidic bond, one Hydroxyl group (OH-) and one H+ are removed, an ___________ bridge forms btwn 2 ring structures and H2O is released
Oxygen
Dehydration synthesis releases water into the cytoplasm. ITs opposite reaction is called ________
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is known as a _________ process where water is needed to help with the breakdown process
Catabolic
Starches are usually composed of ______ type of monomer
one
Sucrose are usually composed of _______ types of monomers
two
T/F Starches are generally not readily soluble in water.
True
___________ is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by __________. a common salivary and intestinal enzyme
Amylose; Amylase
Amylose is made up a long-chain plant starch of ________ __________
glucose monomers
The animal starch storage molecule is known as ______________
Glycogen
The generation of glycogen from monomers is called ____________
Glycogenesis
Glycogen has a _________ core which makes it special.
Protein
Hydrogen bonds in cellulose are ________ attractions of hydrogen to adjacent oxygen
weak
The exoskeletons of insects are made of _______
Chitin
This is known as Animal starch as a protective cover….
Chitin
Chitin is made up of repeating monomers of _________ ______________, a sugar-amino monomer
N-acetyl(2) glucosamine
A chondroitin sulfate is a polysaccharide that has _______ different monomers
two
This process of chemical reactions allows organisms to nourish themselves, reproduce & grow, build and re-build structure and respond to environmental changes
Metabolism
Catabolic processes ______ ________ molecules & macromolecules to harvest nutrition & energy
break down
Metabolic processes are classified as ________ or __________
catabolic or anabolic
Anabolic processes _________ molecules & macromolecules in a process called biosynthesis. Stores glycogen and fat.
build
ATP is produced in the _______ ____________ process of metabolism
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration has ____ steps
four
_________________ are the most commonly used molecules to generate cellular energy
Carbohydrates
Cellular energy primarily drives the activity of ___________
Enzymes
Carbohydrates in the form of glucose, fuel the systems that create _____
ATP
Two methods to generate ATP are 1. ___________ and the more effective (19x more) ATP created 2. ___________ followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Glycolysis & 2. Eukaryote Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
The utilization of glucose and other small molecules to create ATP is called _________ respiration. Can occur in presence of Oxygen or not.
cellular
Anaerobic Respiration takes place without ____, and is called Glycolysis
O2
Aerobic respiration requires _____, but produces an abundance of ATP and carbon dioxide.
O2
The most common fuels for Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration processes are _____ & ______
glucose & fructose
_____ ___-glucose gets into respiration
Beta D-glucose
____________ go thru a catabolic process to fuel aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Macromolecules
Polysaccharide starches are broken down by enzymatic action and ________________
Hydrolyzed
Proteins are broken down by ______________, enzymes active in the stomach acid
Proteases
Lipids are broken down by ________ after the have been dissolved in bile acids
Lipases
The suffix “ase” indicates an _______
Enzyme
In step one of general metabolism - Large Carbohydrates are degraded into _______ _______
simple sugars
In step 2 of general metabolism - Sugars enter Glycolysis and form ________ + 2ATP + NADH
Pyruvate
In step 3 of general metabolism - Pyruvate converts to ________ __________ A
Acetyl Coenzyme A
In step 4 of general metabolism - Acetyl CoA enters _________ __________ cycle
Citric Acid
In step 5 of general metabolism - ______ is produced from Oxidative Phosphorylation of Krebs products plus Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
ATP
Glycolysis metabolizes simple sugars to create __________ acid. B D-glucose is only simple sugar that enters glycolytic cycle.
Pyruvic
When glucose is not immediately available, the body goes into survivor mode and starts an anabolic process called ______________. This process is regulated by insulin
Gluconeogenesis
____________ acid is the important process of Glycolysis. IT will feed carbon into Krebs cycle.
Pyruvic
Acetyl CoEnzyme A shunts carbon from Pyruvate into the ________ cycle
Krebs
The Krebs cycle has a __________ Motion happening within it.
Brownian
