Week 3: Organic Chemisty Part II Flashcards
The presence of these elements is “understood” or hidden in skeleton diagrams.
carbon
hydrogen
Some chemical group that is attached to the atoms in question, but is not important to see or know what the chemical group is in a skeleton diagram.
R-group
In chemistry, al alcohol is an organic compound in which a ________ _________ is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl group
hydroxyl group
What simple complex polar molecule has a sulfur atom replacing the oxygen atom in the OH- group (sulfide group)?
thiol
_______ _______ are extremely important in protein structure and in cellular energy production.
sulfide group
What class of molecules are very common and are polar in nature. The basic structure is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen (polar end).
Carbonyl group
(T/F) Carbonyl groups are found in related classes of organic molecules: aldehydes and keytones.
True
What very common organic acid group, with R- being any kind of aliphatic or aromatic compound.
Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH)
(T/F) The -COOH group is found throughout the biological world, creating strong acids.
False - it creates weak acids, as the H+ dissociates for only short periods of time from the COOH group, creating a mild acid reaction.
Common carboxylic acids are ______ ______, which are identified as fats or lipids, but are actually acid fats.
fatty acids
An unsaturated fatty acid messenger molecule (contains a double bond which makes it unsaturated).
Prostaglandin
A class of organic molecules that are created from the COOH group by replacing the H with R- and are very fragrant.
Esters
Organic nitrogen based on ammonia.
Amines
What are the 3 types of amines?
Primary (1 R- group: R-NH2)
Secondary (2 R- group: R-NH-R)
Tertiary (3 R- group: R-N-R’-R’’)
What are the building blocks of proteins that are all amines, with differing R- groups. These are mostly primary amines.
Amino Acids
A huge class of amines that are based upon ring structures that include one or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring.
Heterocyclic Amines
What class of heterocyclic amines chelate a metal ion in the molecule’s center and are important in the function of many enzymes?
Porphyrins
________ combine an amine group with a carbonyl group.
Amides
(T/F) All proteins are amines.
False - All proteins are amiDes.
(T/F) Amides are the build blocks of proteins; all proteins are amines.
False - AmiNes are the build blocks of proteins; all proteins are amiDes.
The specific reaction where amino acids are joined to form an amides molecule.
peptide bonds
What is the resulting amide of a peptide bond and is considered the simplest protein?
peptide
The process of releasing a water molecule from a peptide bond.
dehydration synthesis
Dehydration synthesis reaction and occurs between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group on another amino acid - resulting OC-NH bond.
peptide bond
Biological system are structurally composed of 4 basic types of organic molecules:
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
The 4 basic types of organic molecules often have multiple subunits, and get quite large.
Macromolecules
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
- NH2 (basic amine group)
- R (aliphatic or aromatic group)
- COOH (carboxyl group
What is a long, linear chain of bonded amino acids that fold?
protein
What is a single amino acid?
monopeptide
When two joined amino acids form?
dipeptide
When three amino acids bond?
tripeptide
When multiple bonded amino acids (4+)?
protein or polypeptide
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
- simple sugars
- complex sugars
- starches
What is the structure of a sugar (saccharides) molecule?
- ring of 4/5 carbons
- 1 oxygen
What are single sugar moieties?
Monosaccharides
What are 2 monosaccharides bond?
Disaccharide
What are multiple monosaccharide bonds?
Polysaccharides
What are the 3 types of lipids (fats)?
- fatty acids
- glycerols
- sterols
What is the most common role of lipids in cells and tissues?
Cell membranes
What do cell membranes coalesce to form?
Bilayer
What is the most common component of membranes and is used in making sterol hormones like corticosteroids?
Cholesterol
What is the building blocks of nucleic acid?
nucleotides
What organic molecule has a chain of bonded nucleotides?
nucleic acid
What are nucleotides composed of?
- 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate group
What organic molecule is responsible for the cell’s genetic material?
nucleic acid
What are the long chains of nucleotides bonded together called?
phosphate-sugar backbone of the nucleic acid
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?
1) pyrimidines
2) purines
(T/F) The 2 types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides are considered heterocyclic amines.
True
The 5-carbon sugars of a nucleotide are ______ and ______.
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
(T/F) The phosphate group of a nucleotide are considered organic.
False - phosphate groups are inorganic, b/c there are no carbons
RNA is a class of ______-_______ nucleic acid, made of ribonucleotides.
single-stranded
(T/F) DNA strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonding.
True
