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Biochemical Principles > Week 4: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Week 4: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are surrounded by salty ____________ outside the cell or wall membrane

A

interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Sheets of likeminded cells with duplicate structure and function

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Cells differentiate into tissues in…

A

Multicellular organisms

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4
Q

All cells are seperate from their environment by a

A

plasmalemma or plasma membrane

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5
Q

Plants, bacteria, protozoa & viruses usually have a ______ or ________ outside the plasmalemma for extra protection

A

wall or capsule

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6
Q

All cells have __________, the fluuid and structure within the plasmalemma

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

All cells have genes which code for reproduction & life functions (unless removed), most often _____, but sometimes in viruses, _____

A

DNA & RNA

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8
Q

Two basic types of cells

A

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

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9
Q

________________ are unicellular & float freely in the cytoplasm of cell. They are primarily bacteria & viruses.

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

_______________ are more evolved creatures, have a seperate cell nucleus for DNA storage, multicellular, and within the cytoplasm. Can be unicellular as well.

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes have micro organs called _______________ which perform many of the biochemical functions of cells

A

Organelles

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12
Q

____________ use host to reproduce themselves with cell factory. The cell dies & bursts open and the _________ spreads

A

Viruses

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13
Q

The __________ has a direct connection to the outside of the cell

A

Pili

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14
Q

Some cells have this…

A

Flagellum

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15
Q

Virus and Bacteria cells do NOT have…

A

mitochondrion

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16
Q

In a plant cell, this substance is fluid but stiff…consists of water and may be a bit salty

A

Vacuole

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17
Q

Plant cells have _________ which convert carbon dioxide to oxygen

A

chloroplasts

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18
Q

This molecule facilitates the production of oxygen from carbon dioxide

A

chlorophyll

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19
Q

The ______ of an eukaryotic cell stores its DNA & structures used for cell division & protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Cells typically have one nucleus…

A

Uninucleate

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21
Q

Some plant cells, nerves & skeletal muscle cells are

A

multinucleated

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22
Q

Red blood cells are…They have their nucleus removed while maturing in bone marrow.

A

anucleate

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23
Q

RBC live about _________ before they degrade & are recycled by the spleen and liver

A

3-4 months

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24
Q

The ___________ is a double layered membrane and contains pores

A

nuclear envelope

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25
Q

________ allow transport inand out of nucleus

A

pores

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26
Q

Convoluted network of lipid bilayer membranes that course throughout cytoplasm…

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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27
Q

This holds the lipid bilayer membranes in place

A

cytoskeletan

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28
Q

Smooth ER do not have these attached whereas Rough ER does…

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is like…

A

the flexible wood element of the body

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30
Q

These membranes 1. organize interior of cell, 2. allow organized transport of molecullr products, 3. allow space for enzymes to manufacture necc molecules, 4. store cellular products like protein, 5. create vacuoles for storage & metabolism & 6. create vesicles which transport out or around cell

A

SER & RER

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31
Q

Cis means

A

close

32
Q

Trans means

A

far

33
Q

Place where proteins are modified

A

Golgi complex

34
Q

The Golgi complex is constantly…

A

creating & destroying itself

35
Q

The process in which Vacuoles are transported out of the cell like mucus or digestive enzymes

A

Exocytosis

36
Q

Ribisomes are the organelles that _________ ___________ from translated genetic code.

A

Manufacture proteins

37
Q

Ribosomes made from Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are composed of how many specific subunits?

A

2 - a 30’s and a 50’s

38
Q

Which of the two ribosome sub-units has a tunnel-like space inside which allows products to enter and exit?

A

50’s

39
Q

This is known as the cellular fuel in membranes and cytoplasm? (We call this Qi)

A

ATP

40
Q

T/F Mitochondrion is a highly specialized organelle with a double membrane

A

True

41
Q

Why are ribosomes sometimes called ribozymes?

A

Because of their enzymatic character

42
Q

T/F Mitochondrion only comes from Mothers DNA?

A

True

43
Q

When Mitochondrion cells get too large, they undergo a process called?

A

Fission

44
Q

T/F Mitochondrion has its own loops of DNA and reproduces itself by itself as necessary?

A

True

45
Q

The location in an enzyme where the enzyme catalyzes reactions is known as the ______ ______

A

Active site

46
Q

What vesicles pinch off from ER and Golgi bodies and fill specific products?

A

Vacuoles

47
Q

What process surrounds a particle and brings it in/eats?

A

endocytosis or phagocytosis

48
Q

What process fuses with the plasmalemma and releases its contents to the interstitial environment (ie mucus or enzymes)?

A

exocytosis

49
Q

______ is created by _______ and will fuse with _______ which carry _______ enzymes that breaks down the substance.

A

phagosome,
endocytosis,
lysosomes,
lysing

50
Q

Lys means

A

split or digest

51
Q

What is the metabolic act of breaking down complex substances by enzymes into smaller molecules

A

catabolism

52
Q

What is the building processes of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules

A

anabolism

53
Q

________ of a cell gives a cell volume and structure.

A

cytoskeleton

54
Q

What memory protein is in the muscle (provides looseness and flexibility)?

A

actin

55
Q

________ stiff protein tubes that assemble and disassemble as the cell’s structural needs change.

A

microtubules

56
Q

________ and ________ are mostly composed of the protein.

A

intermediate,

microfilaments

57
Q

What makes a membrane IMPORTANT?

A

-create separation and discrimination,-allow storage space for cell products, -communication, -efficiency & organization, protection, -allows selective transport in & out of a cell, -creates ground for manufacturing

58
Q

What is the primary structure of the cell?

A

lipid bilayer membrane

59
Q

What is the lipid bilayer membrane made of?

A
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • embedded proteins
60
Q

The polar ends of the molecule group to face into water-based fluids of the cell interior.

A

cytoplasm

61
Q

The polar ends of the molecule group to face into water-based fluids of the cell exterior

A

interstitial fluid

62
Q

______ and _______ are embedded in the plasmalemma, ER and RER

A

proteins

carbohydrates

63
Q

Proteins with a myriad of functions

A

Enzymes

64
Q

Proteins that bind hormones and transmitters

A

Receptor proteins

65
Q

Proteins that selectively allows ions and molecules through the membrane (eg calcium must be transported)

A

Channel proteins

66
Q

Proteins that carry hormones or other molecules through the membrane (eg insulin is carried into cells)

A

Carrier proteins

67
Q

Glycogen-based moieties operate as cell lubricants, adhesives, ID markers (immune recognition) and receptors

A

Carbohydrates

68
Q

Receptors that are lipid-glycogen molecules

A

glycolipids

69
Q

Receptors that are protein-glycogen molecules (eg mucus)

A

glycoproteins

70
Q

Proteins on the surface (plasmalemma) that use ATP to move molecules in and out of cell

A

active transport

71
Q

Proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration or other properties to move molecules in and out of the cell without expending any energy.

A

passive transport

72
Q

The plasmalemma is embedded with many types of _______ and ________ proteins and protein __________.

A

channel
carrier
receptors

73
Q

Proteins that allow selective transport of ions, hormones, and molecules like glucose into or out of a cell.
Fueled by ATP and work against the concentration gradient - active transport

A

channel proteins

74
Q

Proteins that move larger molecules using passive and active transport.

A

carrier proteins

75
Q

Proteins which are the communication devices of the cell with the bloodstream and with nearby tissue cells
Reeive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message to the interior of the cell

A

receptor proteins

76
Q

Can be hormone, amino acid, proteins, etc.

A

ligand

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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