Week 4: Cell Biology Flashcards
Cells are surrounded by salty ____________ outside the cell or wall membrane
interstitial fluid
Sheets of likeminded cells with duplicate structure and function
Tissues
Cells differentiate into tissues in…
Multicellular organisms
All cells are seperate from their environment by a
plasmalemma or plasma membrane
Plants, bacteria, protozoa & viruses usually have a ______ or ________ outside the plasmalemma for extra protection
wall or capsule
All cells have __________, the fluuid and structure within the plasmalemma
cytoplasm
All cells have genes which code for reproduction & life functions (unless removed), most often _____, but sometimes in viruses, _____
DNA & RNA
Two basic types of cells
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
________________ are unicellular & float freely in the cytoplasm of cell. They are primarily bacteria & viruses.
Prokaryotes
_______________ are more evolved creatures, have a seperate cell nucleus for DNA storage, multicellular, and within the cytoplasm. Can be unicellular as well.
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes have micro organs called _______________ which perform many of the biochemical functions of cells
Organelles
____________ use host to reproduce themselves with cell factory. The cell dies & bursts open and the _________ spreads
Viruses
The __________ has a direct connection to the outside of the cell
Pili
Some cells have this…
Flagellum
Virus and Bacteria cells do NOT have…
mitochondrion
In a plant cell, this substance is fluid but stiff…consists of water and may be a bit salty
Vacuole
Plant cells have _________ which convert carbon dioxide to oxygen
chloroplasts
This molecule facilitates the production of oxygen from carbon dioxide
chlorophyll
The ______ of an eukaryotic cell stores its DNA & structures used for cell division & protein synthesis
Nucleus
Cells typically have one nucleus…
Uninucleate
Some plant cells, nerves & skeletal muscle cells are
multinucleated
Red blood cells are…They have their nucleus removed while maturing in bone marrow.
anucleate
RBC live about _________ before they degrade & are recycled by the spleen and liver
3-4 months
The ___________ is a double layered membrane and contains pores
nuclear envelope
________ allow transport inand out of nucleus
pores
Convoluted network of lipid bilayer membranes that course throughout cytoplasm…
Endoplasmic Reticulum
This holds the lipid bilayer membranes in place
cytoskeletan
Smooth ER do not have these attached whereas Rough ER does…
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum is like…
the flexible wood element of the body
These membranes 1. organize interior of cell, 2. allow organized transport of molecullr products, 3. allow space for enzymes to manufacture necc molecules, 4. store cellular products like protein, 5. create vacuoles for storage & metabolism & 6. create vesicles which transport out or around cell
SER & RER
Cis means
close
Trans means
far
Place where proteins are modified
Golgi complex
The Golgi complex is constantly…
creating & destroying itself
The process in which Vacuoles are transported out of the cell like mucus or digestive enzymes
Exocytosis
Ribisomes are the organelles that _________ ___________ from translated genetic code.
Manufacture proteins
Ribosomes made from Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are composed of how many specific subunits?
2 - a 30’s and a 50’s
Which of the two ribosome sub-units has a tunnel-like space inside which allows products to enter and exit?
50’s
This is known as the cellular fuel in membranes and cytoplasm? (We call this Qi)
ATP
T/F Mitochondrion is a highly specialized organelle with a double membrane
True
Why are ribosomes sometimes called ribozymes?
Because of their enzymatic character
T/F Mitochondrion only comes from Mothers DNA?
True
When Mitochondrion cells get too large, they undergo a process called?
Fission
T/F Mitochondrion has its own loops of DNA and reproduces itself by itself as necessary?
True
The location in an enzyme where the enzyme catalyzes reactions is known as the ______ ______
Active site
What vesicles pinch off from ER and Golgi bodies and fill specific products?
Vacuoles
What process surrounds a particle and brings it in/eats?
endocytosis or phagocytosis
What process fuses with the plasmalemma and releases its contents to the interstitial environment (ie mucus or enzymes)?
exocytosis
______ is created by _______ and will fuse with _______ which carry _______ enzymes that breaks down the substance.
phagosome,
endocytosis,
lysosomes,
lysing
Lys means
split or digest
What is the metabolic act of breaking down complex substances by enzymes into smaller molecules
catabolism
What is the building processes of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules
anabolism
________ of a cell gives a cell volume and structure.
cytoskeleton
What memory protein is in the muscle (provides looseness and flexibility)?
actin
________ stiff protein tubes that assemble and disassemble as the cell’s structural needs change.
microtubules
________ and ________ are mostly composed of the protein.
intermediate,
microfilaments
What makes a membrane IMPORTANT?
-create separation and discrimination,-allow storage space for cell products, -communication, -efficiency & organization, protection, -allows selective transport in & out of a cell, -creates ground for manufacturing
What is the primary structure of the cell?
lipid bilayer membrane
What is the lipid bilayer membrane made of?
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- embedded proteins
The polar ends of the molecule group to face into water-based fluids of the cell interior.
cytoplasm
The polar ends of the molecule group to face into water-based fluids of the cell exterior
interstitial fluid
______ and _______ are embedded in the plasmalemma, ER and RER
proteins
carbohydrates
Proteins with a myriad of functions
Enzymes
Proteins that bind hormones and transmitters
Receptor proteins
Proteins that selectively allows ions and molecules through the membrane (eg calcium must be transported)
Channel proteins
Proteins that carry hormones or other molecules through the membrane (eg insulin is carried into cells)
Carrier proteins
Glycogen-based moieties operate as cell lubricants, adhesives, ID markers (immune recognition) and receptors
Carbohydrates
Receptors that are lipid-glycogen molecules
glycolipids
Receptors that are protein-glycogen molecules (eg mucus)
glycoproteins
Proteins on the surface (plasmalemma) that use ATP to move molecules in and out of cell
active transport
Proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration or other properties to move molecules in and out of the cell without expending any energy.
passive transport
The plasmalemma is embedded with many types of _______ and ________ proteins and protein __________.
channel
carrier
receptors
Proteins that allow selective transport of ions, hormones, and molecules like glucose into or out of a cell.
Fueled by ATP and work against the concentration gradient - active transport
channel proteins
Proteins that move larger molecules using passive and active transport.
carrier proteins
Proteins which are the communication devices of the cell with the bloodstream and with nearby tissue cells
Reeive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message to the interior of the cell
receptor proteins
Can be hormone, amino acid, proteins, etc.
ligand
