Lecture 9 Nucleic Acid Replication And Protein Synthesis Flashcards
________ stores the genetic code for the manufacture of the cell’s and organism’s structure, which leads to organism function, or ______.
DNA; LIFE
What is the scientific study of gene expression?
Genetics
Replication means DNA or RNA is manufactured from ________ and the code from _______.
Nucleotides; DNA
(T/F) The transcription of DNA is the key to protein synthesis.
False - the key is the transcription of RNA from DNA for protein synthesis.
(T/F) All proteins have their sequence of amino acids determined by the code of RNA on the original gene.
False - it’s the code of DNA not RNA.
_________ are used primarily as enzymes to facilitate the growth, maintenance and recycling of all cell structures.
Proteins
What study is a new approach to understanding gene expression in cells?
Epigenetics
In simplified DNA replication, the first step during cell division is _____________________, where the enzyme untwists the secondary helix structure of the original DNA.
topoisomerase
In simplified DNA replication, in second step of cell division, a __________, untwists the primary helix structure by relieving the H bond btwn bases, separating the strands.
Helicase
T/F Binding proteins are responsible for keeping strands separated during the helicase process of DNA replication.
True
_____ ____________ bonds free-floating nucleotides into deoxyribose-sugar chain during duplication of DNA during cell division
DNA primase
_____ ___________ connects together the bits newly created nucleotide chain during duplication of DNA during cell division
DNA ligase
_____ _____________ finishes the bonding of nucleotides, and re-zips the strands as 2 _____________ __________ during duplication of DNA during cell division.
DNA Polymerase; daughter strands
T/F There is only one form of DNA polymerase
False, there are 3 types - DNA Polymerase 1, 2 & 3
In Protein synthesis, there are a vast variety of proteins that cells need to create & renew at all times to maintain __________ ___________
tissue integrity
Protein synthesis occurs constantly within cells and uses significant ______ energy to maintain normal organismal function
ATP
Proteins are used for 1.____________, about 2,500 of these catalyze biochem principles 2. ____________, (muscles, tendons, skin etc) & 3._____________, hormones & messengers, metabolism etc
1.Enzymes, 2. Structure, 3. Function
_________________, in the basic process of protein synthesis, is the replication copy of a protein code for specific desired protein, writing the code in mRNA
Transcription
_______________, in the basic process of protein synthesis,is when the mRNA is moved out of cell nucleus to the cytoplasm & ______________ into amino acid chain/polypeptide, by a ribosome.
Translation; translated
the mRNA transcription information are “read” as 3 nitrogenous bases at a time, called ____________.
codons
T/F Codons are unique for each of the 20 amino acids used to create proteins.
True
__________________ help “read” the codons.
Ribosomes
The _______ is brought to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by several ribosomes in a continuous chain of manufacture
mRNA
______’s loaded with amino acids, enter the active site in a ribosome, and match their _______________ to the codon on mRNA
tRNA’s; anticodon
The line up of tRNA’s amino acids are _____________ into a protein chain, still in the active site of the ribosome.
bonded
A new polypeptide is trimmed, modified & folded in the _____________ or in an _____________ to restructure it as a protein
cytoplasm or in an organelle
once trimmed, modified and folded, the protein is _________________ in or out of cell
transported
________ is constantly consumed to operate the enzyme cascades in protein synthesis
ATP
T/F there are actually 20 codons.
False, there are 22 - 20 for amino acids, 1 for starter and 1 for termination making 22
The ___________ codon is especially important, as it designates where the 3-base codon chain begins
starter
when starter codon is misread by ribosome, there are likely to be _______________
mutations
Extensive splicing of ________ & ___________ by ribozymes happens in the initial strand of mRNA
exons & introns
Eukaryotic organisms transcribe _________ codes into mRNA
introns
___________ codes are the codes used to make proteins
exon
The intron codes are ___________ _______ of the mRNA, creating a mature mRNA that is sent to ribosomes for translation into protein
spliced out
________________ codes come before the Start codon
Promoter codes
tRNA carries a 3-base _______________, which is used to complement codons coming from mRNA
anticodon
T/F tRNA are specific for codons and amino acids as well.
True
If the mRNA codon for alanine is G-C-U, the corresponding alanine-specific tRNA wil carry an anticodon of _________
C-G-A
The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme ________________ tRNA that have given up their amino acid by reloading emptied tRNA’s in the cytoplasm with specific amino acid
recycle