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Biochemical Principles > Lecture 9 Nucleic Acid Replication And Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Nucleic Acid Replication And Protein Synthesis Flashcards

0
Q

________ stores the genetic code for the manufacture of the cell’s and organism’s structure, which leads to organism function, or ______.

A

DNA; LIFE

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1
Q

What is the scientific study of gene expression?

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Replication means DNA or RNA is manufactured from ________ and the code from _______.

A

Nucleotides; DNA

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3
Q

(T/F) The transcription of DNA is the key to protein synthesis.

A

False - the key is the transcription of RNA from DNA for protein synthesis.

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4
Q

(T/F) All proteins have their sequence of amino acids determined by the code of RNA on the original gene.

A

False - it’s the code of DNA not RNA.

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5
Q

_________ are used primarily as enzymes to facilitate the growth, maintenance and recycling of all cell structures.

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What study is a new approach to understanding gene expression in cells?

A

Epigenetics

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7
Q

In simplified DNA replication, the first step during cell division is _____________________, where the enzyme untwists the secondary helix structure of the original DNA.

A

topoisomerase

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8
Q

In simplified DNA replication, in second step of cell division, a __________, untwists the primary helix structure by relieving the H bond btwn bases, separating the strands.

A

Helicase

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9
Q

T/F Binding proteins are responsible for keeping strands separated during the helicase process of DNA replication.

A

True

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10
Q

_____ ____________ bonds free-floating nucleotides into deoxyribose-sugar chain during duplication of DNA during cell division

A

DNA primase

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11
Q

_____ ___________ connects together the bits newly created nucleotide chain during duplication of DNA during cell division

A

DNA ligase

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12
Q

_____ _____________ finishes the bonding of nucleotides, and re-zips the strands as 2 _____________ __________ during duplication of DNA during cell division.

A

DNA Polymerase; daughter strands

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13
Q

T/F There is only one form of DNA polymerase

A

False, there are 3 types - DNA Polymerase 1, 2 & 3

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14
Q

In Protein synthesis, there are a vast variety of proteins that cells need to create & renew at all times to maintain __________ ___________

A

tissue integrity

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15
Q

Protein synthesis occurs constantly within cells and uses significant ______ energy to maintain normal organismal function

A

ATP

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16
Q

Proteins are used for 1.____________, about 2,500 of these catalyze biochem principles 2. ____________, (muscles, tendons, skin etc) & 3._____________, hormones & messengers, metabolism etc

A

1.Enzymes, 2. Structure, 3. Function

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17
Q

_________________, in the basic process of protein synthesis, is the replication copy of a protein code for specific desired protein, writing the code in mRNA

A

Transcription

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18
Q

_______________, in the basic process of protein synthesis,is when the mRNA is moved out of cell nucleus to the cytoplasm & ______________ into amino acid chain/polypeptide, by a ribosome.

A

Translation; translated

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19
Q

the mRNA transcription information are “read” as 3 nitrogenous bases at a time, called ____________.

A

codons

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20
Q

T/F Codons are unique for each of the 20 amino acids used to create proteins.

A

True

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21
Q

__________________ help “read” the codons.

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

The _______ is brought to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by several ribosomes in a continuous chain of manufacture

A

mRNA

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23
Q

______’s loaded with amino acids, enter the active site in a ribosome, and match their _______________ to the codon on mRNA

A

tRNA’s; anticodon

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24
Q

The line up of tRNA’s amino acids are _____________ into a protein chain, still in the active site of the ribosome.

A

bonded

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25
Q

A new polypeptide is trimmed, modified & folded in the _____________ or in an _____________ to restructure it as a protein

A

cytoplasm or in an organelle

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26
Q

once trimmed, modified and folded, the protein is _________________ in or out of cell

A

transported

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27
Q

________ is constantly consumed to operate the enzyme cascades in protein synthesis

A

ATP

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28
Q

T/F there are actually 20 codons.

A

False, there are 22 - 20 for amino acids, 1 for starter and 1 for termination making 22

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29
Q

The ___________ codon is especially important, as it designates where the 3-base codon chain begins

A

starter

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30
Q

when starter codon is misread by ribosome, there are likely to be _______________

A

mutations

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31
Q

Extensive splicing of ________ & ___________ by ribozymes happens in the initial strand of mRNA

A

exons & introns

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32
Q

Eukaryotic organisms transcribe _________ codes into mRNA

A

introns

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33
Q

___________ codes are the codes used to make proteins

A

exon

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34
Q

The intron codes are ___________ _______ of the mRNA, creating a mature mRNA that is sent to ribosomes for translation into protein

A

spliced out

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35
Q

________________ codes come before the Start codon

A

Promoter codes

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36
Q

tRNA carries a 3-base _______________, which is used to complement codons coming from mRNA

A

anticodon

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37
Q

T/F tRNA are specific for codons and amino acids as well.

A

True

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38
Q

If the mRNA codon for alanine is G-C-U, the corresponding alanine-specific tRNA wil carry an anticodon of _________

A

C-G-A

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39
Q

The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme ________________ tRNA that have given up their amino acid by reloading emptied tRNA’s in the cytoplasm with specific amino acid

A

recycle

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40
Q

mRNA is produced in the ________________

A

nucleus

41
Q

mRNA is matured and transported in the ____________

A

cytoplasm

42
Q

The objective of an mRNA is to link _____________

A

ribosomes

43
Q

Ribosomal 30 & 50s subunits are available on ______ or _________ freely

A

RER or float freely

44
Q

mRNA is sense by the ____s and ____s subunits; the subunits join to form a ribosome protein factory

A

30s and 50s

45
Q

The ________ moves into the A & P active site of the ribosome

A

mRNA

46
Q

_________ loaded with respective amino acids move & match their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA

A

tRNA’s

47
Q

____________ bonds form btwn amino acids from the A site to the P site by enzymatic action

A

peptide bonds

48
Q

The fusion of amino acids continues until a __________________ codon is found in the mRNA & _______________ stops

A

termination codon; translation stops

49
Q

Fusion also stops if an emptied _______ goes out & picks up respective amino acids, being recycled by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

A

tRNA

50
Q

fusion also stops if a _______________ chain is pushed out into the cytoplasm where it is folded or modified into a protein, often in golgi complex

A

polypeptide

51
Q

The __________ and _____ are where the vitamins and other cofactors are inserted into the protein to create a holoenzyme for use or a zymogen for storage

A

Golgi and ER

52
Q

________ stores the pattern, and the ________ animates the Jing to express these patterns.

A

Jing; Shen

53
Q

A double-strand, helical nucleic acid with a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.

A

DNA

54
Q

A single-strand nucleic acid that develops 3 different forms.

A

RNA

55
Q

The backbone is ribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.

A

RNA

56
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

57
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

58
Q

What are the 3 common forms of RNA?

A

rRNA (ribosomal)
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)

59
Q

What can RNA also form?

A

Ribozymes

60
Q

What are the 2 structures of nitrogenous bases and how many rings do they contain?

A

Purine - 2 rings

Pyrimidine - 1 ring

61
Q

A nitrogenous base bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.

A

Nucleosides

62
Q

Nucleosides bonded to one or more phosphate groups.

A

Nucleotides

63
Q

Free-floating __________ in the nucleus are incorporated into DNA or RNA when these nucleic acids are replicated.

A

Nucleotides

64
Q

What is the chain formed when nucleotides in a nucleic acid are bonded between phosphate and sugar?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

65
Q

What bonds between nitrogenous bases form their specific couples (DNA, tRNA, rRNA or ribozymes)?

A

Hydrogen bonds

66
Q

What is formed with 2 strands of nucleic acids?

A

DNA

67
Q

What are the complements of nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

68
Q

Where is the code for a protein’s amino acid sequence stored in?

A

DNA

69
Q

What does the cell use to move the coded sequence away from DNA?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

70
Q

(T/F) The mRNA is decoded in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where proteins are transcribed from the mRNA code.

A

False - proteins are translated from mRNA code.

71
Q

When the cell uses mRNA to move coded sequence away from DNA, keeping DNA’s involvement to a minimum, thus ________ the genes.

A

Conserving

72
Q

What enzyme is used to unzip DNA, which also “reads” the DNA code?

A

Replicase

73
Q

When replicase enzyme “reads” the DNA code, it _________ a mRNA strand from the revealed code.

A

Transcribes

74
Q

When DNA is rezippered close, it is _________ genetic code.

A

Conserving

75
Q

The “writing” of the DNA genetic code into RNA.

A

Transcription

76
Q

What enzyme is used in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase enzyme

77
Q

RNA polymerase enzyme is similar to another enzyme.

A

Replicase

78
Q

What is the name given to the DNA packed into a cell’s nucleus?

A

Chromatin

79
Q

What structure tightly pack and wind DNA into chromatin?

A

Proteins

80
Q

(T/F) Chromatin creates stability, organization and protection for the cell’s storage of the genetic code.

A

True

82
Q

What are formed when a cell is about to divide?

A

Chromosomes

83
Q

How do chromatins typically exist as?

A

a mass of coil

84
Q

List in order how chromatin are stored from DNA to chromosome.

A

1) DNA - double helix
2) Histone proteins
3) Nucleosome - start to make helix
4) Condensed fiber
5) Chromatin

85
Q

The DNA double helix wraps around a bundle of __________ ___________.

A

histone proteins

86
Q

Histone proteins then wraps into a ball-like structure called a _______

A

nucleosome

87
Q

Nucleosomes for the next level of structure by condensing into another helical structure called the ___________ ___________

A

condensed fiber

88
Q

The spiral thread of condensed fiber forms a larger level of structure as it bundles itself into __________.

A

chromatin

89
Q

What is active chromatin that gets transcribed regularly and is less compacted?

A

euchromatin

90
Q

What is genetic code that is conserved, almost never accessed for transcription, and is densely compacted in the nucleus?

A

heterochromatin

91
Q

Human chromosomes have _____ strands of chromatin, linked by a ________, which is made of ________.

A

2; centromere; microtubules

92
Q

(T/F) It is only briefly during mitosis or meiosis where the chromatin condenses into “X”-shaped chromosomes.

A

True

93
Q

What is the name of the DNA structure that are the chief protein components of chromatin?

A

Histones

94
Q

What DNA structure act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gen regulation?

A

Histones

95
Q

RNA transcription of protein code from DNA is much simpler than DNA replication, using what enzyme?

A

RNA Polymerase

96
Q

(T/F) Only 1 set of RNA is made by 1 RNA polymerase enzyme will be employed for each section of DNA being transcribed.

A

False - Multiple sets of RNA is made by multiple RNA polymerase enzymes

97
Q

What enzyme does the following:

1) find the site of code on the DNA that is to be transcribed
2) unzips the DNA
3) replicates the DNA using RNA nucleotides
4) and re-zips the DNA

A

RNA polymerase

98
Q

The RNA produced will be processed by splicing enzymes and ribozymes into?

A

either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA

99
Q

(T/F) Polymerase enzymes use very little amounts of ATP to perform their work.

A

False - Polymerase enzymes use copious amounts of ATP.

100
Q

RNA Polymerase is responsible for __________ DNA code into RNA, allowing protein codes to get to the cytoplasm for protein manufacture.

A

transcribing

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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