Lecture 9 Nucleic Acid Replication And Protein Synthesis Flashcards
________ stores the genetic code for the manufacture of the cell’s and organism’s structure, which leads to organism function, or ______.
DNA; LIFE
What is the scientific study of gene expression?
Genetics
Replication means DNA or RNA is manufactured from ________ and the code from _______.
Nucleotides; DNA
(T/F) The transcription of DNA is the key to protein synthesis.
False - the key is the transcription of RNA from DNA for protein synthesis.
(T/F) All proteins have their sequence of amino acids determined by the code of RNA on the original gene.
False - it’s the code of DNA not RNA.
_________ are used primarily as enzymes to facilitate the growth, maintenance and recycling of all cell structures.
Proteins
What study is a new approach to understanding gene expression in cells?
Epigenetics
In simplified DNA replication, the first step during cell division is _____________________, where the enzyme untwists the secondary helix structure of the original DNA.
topoisomerase
In simplified DNA replication, in second step of cell division, a __________, untwists the primary helix structure by relieving the H bond btwn bases, separating the strands.
Helicase
T/F Binding proteins are responsible for keeping strands separated during the helicase process of DNA replication.
True
_____ ____________ bonds free-floating nucleotides into deoxyribose-sugar chain during duplication of DNA during cell division
DNA primase
_____ ___________ connects together the bits newly created nucleotide chain during duplication of DNA during cell division
DNA ligase
_____ _____________ finishes the bonding of nucleotides, and re-zips the strands as 2 _____________ __________ during duplication of DNA during cell division.
DNA Polymerase; daughter strands
T/F There is only one form of DNA polymerase
False, there are 3 types - DNA Polymerase 1, 2 & 3
In Protein synthesis, there are a vast variety of proteins that cells need to create & renew at all times to maintain __________ ___________
tissue integrity
Protein synthesis occurs constantly within cells and uses significant ______ energy to maintain normal organismal function
ATP
Proteins are used for 1.____________, about 2,500 of these catalyze biochem principles 2. ____________, (muscles, tendons, skin etc) & 3._____________, hormones & messengers, metabolism etc
1.Enzymes, 2. Structure, 3. Function
_________________, in the basic process of protein synthesis, is the replication copy of a protein code for specific desired protein, writing the code in mRNA
Transcription
_______________, in the basic process of protein synthesis,is when the mRNA is moved out of cell nucleus to the cytoplasm & ______________ into amino acid chain/polypeptide, by a ribosome.
Translation; translated
the mRNA transcription information are “read” as 3 nitrogenous bases at a time, called ____________.
codons
T/F Codons are unique for each of the 20 amino acids used to create proteins.
True
__________________ help “read” the codons.
Ribosomes
The _______ is brought to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by several ribosomes in a continuous chain of manufacture
mRNA
______’s loaded with amino acids, enter the active site in a ribosome, and match their _______________ to the codon on mRNA
tRNA’s; anticodon
The line up of tRNA’s amino acids are _____________ into a protein chain, still in the active site of the ribosome.
bonded
A new polypeptide is trimmed, modified & folded in the _____________ or in an _____________ to restructure it as a protein
cytoplasm or in an organelle
once trimmed, modified and folded, the protein is _________________ in or out of cell
transported
________ is constantly consumed to operate the enzyme cascades in protein synthesis
ATP
T/F there are actually 20 codons.
False, there are 22 - 20 for amino acids, 1 for starter and 1 for termination making 22
The ___________ codon is especially important, as it designates where the 3-base codon chain begins
starter
when starter codon is misread by ribosome, there are likely to be _______________
mutations
Extensive splicing of ________ & ___________ by ribozymes happens in the initial strand of mRNA
exons & introns
Eukaryotic organisms transcribe _________ codes into mRNA
introns
___________ codes are the codes used to make proteins
exon
The intron codes are ___________ _______ of the mRNA, creating a mature mRNA that is sent to ribosomes for translation into protein
spliced out
________________ codes come before the Start codon
Promoter codes
tRNA carries a 3-base _______________, which is used to complement codons coming from mRNA
anticodon
T/F tRNA are specific for codons and amino acids as well.
True
If the mRNA codon for alanine is G-C-U, the corresponding alanine-specific tRNA wil carry an anticodon of _________
C-G-A
The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme ________________ tRNA that have given up their amino acid by reloading emptied tRNA’s in the cytoplasm with specific amino acid
recycle
mRNA is produced in the ________________
nucleus
mRNA is matured and transported in the ____________
cytoplasm
The objective of an mRNA is to link _____________
ribosomes
Ribosomal 30 & 50s subunits are available on ______ or _________ freely
RER or float freely
mRNA is sense by the ____s and ____s subunits; the subunits join to form a ribosome protein factory
30s and 50s
The ________ moves into the A & P active site of the ribosome
mRNA
_________ loaded with respective amino acids move & match their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA
tRNA’s
____________ bonds form btwn amino acids from the A site to the P site by enzymatic action
peptide bonds
The fusion of amino acids continues until a __________________ codon is found in the mRNA & _______________ stops
termination codon; translation stops
Fusion also stops if an emptied _______ goes out & picks up respective amino acids, being recycled by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
tRNA
fusion also stops if a _______________ chain is pushed out into the cytoplasm where it is folded or modified into a protein, often in golgi complex
polypeptide
The __________ and _____ are where the vitamins and other cofactors are inserted into the protein to create a holoenzyme for use or a zymogen for storage
Golgi and ER
________ stores the pattern, and the ________ animates the Jing to express these patterns.
Jing; Shen
A double-strand, helical nucleic acid with a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.
DNA
A single-strand nucleic acid that develops 3 different forms.
RNA
The backbone is ribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.
RNA
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
What are the 3 common forms of RNA?
rRNA (ribosomal)
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
What can RNA also form?
Ribozymes
What are the 2 structures of nitrogenous bases and how many rings do they contain?
Purine - 2 rings
Pyrimidine - 1 ring
A nitrogenous base bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
Nucleosides
Nucleosides bonded to one or more phosphate groups.
Nucleotides
Free-floating __________ in the nucleus are incorporated into DNA or RNA when these nucleic acids are replicated.
Nucleotides
What is the chain formed when nucleotides in a nucleic acid are bonded between phosphate and sugar?
Sugar-phosphate backbone
What bonds between nitrogenous bases form their specific couples (DNA, tRNA, rRNA or ribozymes)?
Hydrogen bonds
What is formed with 2 strands of nucleic acids?
DNA
What are the complements of nitrogenous bases for DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Where is the code for a protein’s amino acid sequence stored in?
DNA
What does the cell use to move the coded sequence away from DNA?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
(T/F) The mRNA is decoded in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where proteins are transcribed from the mRNA code.
False - proteins are translated from mRNA code.
When the cell uses mRNA to move coded sequence away from DNA, keeping DNA’s involvement to a minimum, thus ________ the genes.
Conserving
What enzyme is used to unzip DNA, which also “reads” the DNA code?
Replicase
When replicase enzyme “reads” the DNA code, it _________ a mRNA strand from the revealed code.
Transcribes
When DNA is rezippered close, it is _________ genetic code.
Conserving
The “writing” of the DNA genetic code into RNA.
Transcription
What enzyme is used in transcription?
RNA polymerase enzyme
RNA polymerase enzyme is similar to another enzyme.
Replicase
What is the name given to the DNA packed into a cell’s nucleus?
Chromatin
What structure tightly pack and wind DNA into chromatin?
Proteins
(T/F) Chromatin creates stability, organization and protection for the cell’s storage of the genetic code.
True
What are formed when a cell is about to divide?
Chromosomes
How do chromatins typically exist as?
a mass of coil
List in order how chromatin are stored from DNA to chromosome.
1) DNA - double helix
2) Histone proteins
3) Nucleosome - start to make helix
4) Condensed fiber
5) Chromatin
The DNA double helix wraps around a bundle of __________ ___________.
histone proteins
Histone proteins then wraps into a ball-like structure called a _______
nucleosome
Nucleosomes for the next level of structure by condensing into another helical structure called the ___________ ___________
condensed fiber
The spiral thread of condensed fiber forms a larger level of structure as it bundles itself into __________.
chromatin
What is active chromatin that gets transcribed regularly and is less compacted?
euchromatin
What is genetic code that is conserved, almost never accessed for transcription, and is densely compacted in the nucleus?
heterochromatin
Human chromosomes have _____ strands of chromatin, linked by a ________, which is made of ________.
2; centromere; microtubules
(T/F) It is only briefly during mitosis or meiosis where the chromatin condenses into “X”-shaped chromosomes.
True
What is the name of the DNA structure that are the chief protein components of chromatin?
Histones
What DNA structure act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gen regulation?
Histones
RNA transcription of protein code from DNA is much simpler than DNA replication, using what enzyme?
RNA Polymerase
(T/F) Only 1 set of RNA is made by 1 RNA polymerase enzyme will be employed for each section of DNA being transcribed.
False - Multiple sets of RNA is made by multiple RNA polymerase enzymes
What enzyme does the following:
1) find the site of code on the DNA that is to be transcribed
2) unzips the DNA
3) replicates the DNA using RNA nucleotides
4) and re-zips the DNA
RNA polymerase
The RNA produced will be processed by splicing enzymes and ribozymes into?
either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA
(T/F) Polymerase enzymes use very little amounts of ATP to perform their work.
False - Polymerase enzymes use copious amounts of ATP.
RNA Polymerase is responsible for __________ DNA code into RNA, allowing protein codes to get to the cytoplasm for protein manufacture.
transcribing
