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Biochemical Principles > Lecture 11 - Energy Generation Part II > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Energy Generation Part II Flashcards

1
Q

_______ ________ refers to the combined processes of the Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Phosphorylation - Steps 3 and 4.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Step 1 - Pyruvate decarboxylation
Step 2 - Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
Step 3 - Electron Transport Chain
Step 4 - ADP to ATP Phosphorylation

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3
Q

Where do all activities of the 4 stages of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondrion?

A

Step 1 and Step 2 - matrix

Step 3 and Step 4 - cristae

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4
Q

Resulting in an efficient generation of ATP for cellular energy supply from ______ and ______.

A

carbon; oxygen

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5
Q

What 3 driving forces result in an efficient generation of ATP for cellular energy supply from carbon and oxygen?

A

1) driving enzymatic anabolism and catalysis
2) driving membrane transport proteins
3) driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture

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6
Q

This is just a hydrogen atom, stripped of its electron so has a positive (+1) charge.

A

Proton, hydrogen ion and H+

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7
Q

An electron that has a negative (-1) charge.

A

Electron and e-

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8
Q

A single oxygen atom usually has a -2 (negative) charge: O-2.

A

Oxygen and O2

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9
Q

An oxygen molecule with a -1 (negative) charge: O2-1

A

superoxide

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10
Q

What is another term for water?

A

H2O

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11
Q

What are the products of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase/Decarboxylation step and where are they released?

A

1 NADH and 1 CO2 released to matrix;

1 acetyl group enters Krebs via ACA

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12
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle step and where are they released?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 released to matrix;

succinic acid is produced as a step and released to the matrix

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13
Q

Transfer of electrons through the ETC produces an abundance of ______ ______.

A

H+ ions

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14
Q

ATP Synthase Phosphorylation produces _____ from matrix supply of _______ by harnessing ______ gradient.

A

ATP; ADP; H+

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15
Q

Where does the ETC concentrate H+ ions (protons) in what part of mitochondria?

A

inter-membrane space

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16
Q

The ETC concentration of H+ ions are done by a complex of passing _______ through the 4 membrane enzyme complexes.

A

electrons (e-)

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17
Q

The concentrated H+ in the inter-membrane space is allowed to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix by _______ _______ enzyme

A

ATP synthase

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18
Q

This desire of H+ to equilibrate across the membrane ________ ________ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

A

concentration gradient

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19
Q

How do enzymes phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

A

by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate

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20
Q

The concentration gradient creates sufficient energy to bond high-energy phosphate needed in making _______________.

A

ATP

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21
Q

The ETC is a series of 4 enzyme complexes, along with what cofactors?

A

iron-sulfur clusters
metal ions
cytochrome c
ubiquinone

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22
Q

In the ETC, the 4 enzyme complexes are large and varying complexes, which remove electrons from _________ which creates _____ for ________ ________.

A

hydrogen; H+; oxidative phosphorylation

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23
Q

In the ETC, the 4 enzyme complexes are also?

A

H+ pumps

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24
Q

In the ETC, what are the name of these complexes?

A

I, II, III, and IV

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25
Q

In the ETC, what are the primary pathways?

A

I - III - IV

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26
Q

In the ETC, which complex begins the transport of electrons?

A

complex I

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27
Q

From Complex I, where do these electrons then pass through?

A

ubiquinone > Fe-S clusters > Complex III > Cytochrome C > Complex IV

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28
Q

In the ETC, what are the second pathways?

A

II - III - IV

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29
Q

In the ETC, _______ ______ passes electrons to Complex II?

A

succinic acid

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30
Q

The electrons are finally reacted with ______ in complex ______, forming _____.

A

oxygen; complex IV; water

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31
Q

(T/F) Oxygen is utilized in only 1 step in 1 way in aerobic respiration.

A

False - it’s used in 2 steps in 2 different ways.

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32
Q

ETC’s are considered what kind of functions?

A

quaternary functions

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33
Q

What is Complex I?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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34
Q

Where is NADH dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrion?

A

cristae membrane

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35
Q

NADH dehydrogenase performs several operations to move electrons; what 2 cofactors are used?

A
  • flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

- Fe-S clusters

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36
Q

NADH dehydrogenase pumps 4 ____ from the matrix into the inter-membrane space.

A

H+

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37
Q

NADH dehydrogenase oxidizes _____ and _____ and passes those hydrogen onto _______..

A

NADH; FADH2; ubiquinone

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38
Q

NADH dehydrogenase hydrolyzes the ubiquinone to _______.

A

ubiquinol

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39
Q

_______ is a non-polar, vitamin-like coenzyme and antioxidant, found primarily in _______.

A

ubiquinone; mitochondria

40
Q

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from ______ _______ (as hydrogen) and becomes ________.

A

NADH dehydrogenase; ubiquinol (QH2)

41
Q

Ubiquinone diffuse laterally through the non-polar layer of the ______ membrane.

A

cristae

42
Q

Ubiquinone unloads its electrons to what complex?

A

Complex III

43
Q

What is Complex III called?

A

Cytochrome bc1 complex

44
Q

What complexes are embedded in Complex I, II, and in the Rieske iron-sulfur protein subunit of Complex III?

A

iron-sulfur clusters

45
Q

The Fe-S clusters accept the _____ (of hydrogen) from ______.

A

electrons; ubiquinol

46
Q

When Fe-S clusters accept electrons, where are they then passed into?

A

other subunits of Complex III

47
Q

Cytochrome bc1 complex is what type of enzyme?

A

multi-subunit

48
Q

What enzyme is Complex III?

A

Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

49
Q

___________ __ is highly water soluble (polar) and is utilized in the ETC.

A

Cytochrome C

50
Q

Cytochrome C moves through the inter-membrane space to transport electrons to Complex ____ from Complex ______, which carries ____ electron with its iron-heme center.

A

IV; III; 1

51
Q

What enzyme is in Complex IV?

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase

52
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase is another multi-subunit (13) ______ enzyme complex.

A

quaternary

53
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase contains numerous active sites and uses ______, _______, and _______ as cofactors?

A

copper, magnesium, and zinc

54
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase pumps excess _____ into the inter-membrane space to increase to potential energy in the “______” of that space.

A

H+; battery

55
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase takes _____ and uses it as an _______ ______.

A

O2; electron acceptor

56
Q

What is the second use of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

electron acceptor

57
Q

What enzyme is Complex II?

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

58
Q

This enzyme is used in the Krebs Cycle and is the only enzyme of the Krebs Cycle embedded in the cristae membrane.

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

59
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use: (1) passing ______ from _______ in the Krebs cycle directly into the ETC.

A

hydrogen; succinate

60
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use: (2) it then is reworked into ________ for the next step of Krebs.

A

fumarate

61
Q

During Complex II, succinate donates ______ to ____ which becomes FADH2.

A

hydrogen; FAD+

62
Q

During Complex II, FADH2 is then transfers its’ ______ to _______

A

hydrogen; ubiquinone

63
Q

During Complex II, ubiquinone enters the ETC at Complex ____, proceeding then to Complex _____

A

III; IV

64
Q

What enzyme is Complex I?

A

NADH Dehydrogenase

65
Q

NADH Dehydrogenase is a ____-subunit enzyme.

A

46

66
Q

NADH Dehydrogenase oxidizes _____, passes the electrons from the hydrogen through ______ ______ and _____ clusters onto ubiquinone.

A

NADH; flavin mononucleotide; Fe-S clusters

67
Q

During NADH Dehydrogenase, the ____ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space, and _____ moves onto Complex ____.

A

H+; ubiquinone; III

68
Q

Complex III removes the hydrogens/electrons from ______ and passes the elctrons onto ______ ___.

A

ubiquinol (QH2); Cytochrome C (Cyt)

69
Q

During Complex III, there are 2 steps that doubles the usefulness of _______.

A

ubiquinone

70
Q

During Complex III, _____ is recycled to ______ which picks up more hydrogens/electrons from Complexes ___ and ____.

A

ubiquinol; ubiquinone; I; III

71
Q

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase accepts electrons from ______ ___, which reduces ______.

A

cytochrome c; oxygen

72
Q

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase takes up ____ from the matrix, pumping it into the _________ space.

A

H+; inter-membrane space

73
Q

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase uses its’ _____ and ____ cofactors, to split _____.

A

copper; heme; oxygen

74
Q

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase when oxygen is split, it will take up the _____, ending ETC.

A

electrons

75
Q

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase creates ______, which is released into the _____, and deposits ____ into the inter-membrane space.

A

water; matrix; H+

76
Q

During Complex II, succinate dehydrogenase is part of the _____ _____ and ______.

A

Krebs Cycle; ETC

77
Q

Succinate from Krebs is processed by ______ _______ to pass on hydrogen ions to _____, making ____.

A

succinate dehydrogenase; FAD; FADH2

78
Q

During Complex II, FADH2 is quickly ______, release its hydrogen to _____.

A

oxidized; ubiquinone

79
Q

During Complex II, ubiquinone becomes _______, and passes to Complex _____, adding ___ electrons to the chain.

A

ubiquinol; III; 2

80
Q

During Complex II, _____ is formed from _______, and returns to the Krebs Cycle.

A

fumarate; succinate

81
Q

What is the 4th step in aerobic respiration?

A

ATP Synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

82
Q

The final step in energy/ATP generation utilizes the highly acid (____) environment of the inter-membrane space as a _____ for potential energy.

A

H+; battery

83
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, _____ and _________ groups are produced in abundance throughout the cell.

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate); phosphate groups

84
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the break down of _____ is used to fuel the multitude of enzymatic and non-enzymatic tasks ______ enables

A

ATP

85
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, molecules are selectively transported in through the mitochondrion’s ______ into the ______ as substrates for Oxidative Phosphorylation.

A

porins; matrix

86
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, _______ ________ is a giant quaternary enzyme embedded in the cristae membrane.

A

ATP Synthase

87
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the cristae membrane has an opening on the inter-membrane space, where it channels ____ through the complex.

A

H+

88
Q

ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that rotates in response to the _____ _____ of the inter-membrane space.

A

low pH

89
Q

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the rotation catalyses the synthesis of _____- from _____, which is released into the matrix, and transported out of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm.

A

ATP; ADP

90
Q

ATP synthase rotation in production of ____ from _____.

A

ATP; ADP

91
Q

Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) releases a net ___ ATP per glucose molecule.

A

2

92
Q

Aerobic respiration releases a net _____ ATP per glucose molecule

A

38

93
Q

Superoxide molecules form at Complex ___ and need superoxide _______ to reduce them.

A

Complex I; superoxide dismutase

94
Q

Much ____ is needed to shunt the substrates of aerobic respiration into the mitochondrion via transport proteins.

A

ATP

95
Q

List some transport proteins are used in aerobic respiration.

A

pyruvate, ACA, vitamins, ADP, mineral ions

96
Q

Much _____ is used to build new enzymes damaged by respiration.

A

ATP

97
Q

_____ ______ must be properly eliminated to keep pH balance in the cell.

A

carbon dioxide

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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