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Biochemical Principles > Lecture 10 - Energy Generation Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Energy Generation Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Glycolysis that does not require oxygen.

A

Anaerobic respiration

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1
Q

Prokaryotes like bacteria generate ATP using _________.

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

Glycolysis versus Aerobic respiration proportion to creating ATP.

A

1:19 (Glycolysis = 1 ATP : Aerobic respiration = 19 ATP)

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3
Q

What is the most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes use aerobic respiration to generate ATP

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4
Q

(T/F) Eukaryotes only utilize glycolysis to generate ATP.

A

False - Eukaryotes also use aerobic respiration as the initial step

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration is dependent on ________ and produces _________ _________ as a byproduct

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Photosynthesis in plants utilizes _________ __________ and releases __________ - the opposite of aerobic respiration.

A

carbon dioxide; oxygen

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7
Q

What is possibly the most important molecule on earth for maintaining life; it generates oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

Chlorophyll is a porphyrin that chelates?

A

magnesium

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9
Q

The consequence of cutting down forests is also a loss of oxygen in the planetary atmosphere as well as increase in carbon dioxide. What theory is this?

A

“dysox theory”

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10
Q

What are the 2 primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?

A

1) glycolysis of sugars

2) Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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11
Q

What are the 3 products of glycolysis and how many of each?

A

1) 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2) 2 NADH
3) 2 ATP

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12
Q

In beta-oxidation, fatty acids are cut into _______ groups and then attached to ________ ____.

A

acetyl groups; coenzyme A

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13
Q

What does beta-oxidation directly produce an abundance of?

A

ACA - acetyl coenzyme A

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14
Q

(T/F) There is only one pathway to generate ATP.

A

False - There are different pathways that are not related to each other to generate ATP - vitamins & minerals, fats & oils, carbohydrates, proteins, fiber

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15
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

Generate as much ATP to drive enzymes across every part of every live cell in the body.

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16
Q

Aerobic respiration is a process of burning _______ with ________ in an exquisitely controlled way.

A

carbon; oxygen

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17
Q

___________ __________ extracts as much ATP from biological rendering of substrates.

A

Aerobic respiration

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18
Q

____________ float freely within the cytoplasm of a cell.

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

The mitochondrion has a double membrane complex, creating 2 fluid chambers within the organelle:

A

1) matrix

2) inter membrane space

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20
Q

The mitochondrion has evolved to create a _________ _________ between the matrix and the inter membrane space.

A

concentration gradient

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21
Q

The outer membrane protects the inter membrane space from influence of the __________.

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

The _________ membrane encloses the matrix from the _________ membrane space.

A

inner membrane; inter membrane

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23
Q

The inner membrane which is deeply invaginated called?

A

cristae

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24
Q

The inter membrane space is the “______” of the mitochondrion.

A

battery

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25
Q

The goal of the _____ ______ ______ is to fill the inter membrane space with H+ ions in high concentration.

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Step 3

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26
Q

The high concentration of H+ ions creates a _______, a collection or potential of energy.

A

battery

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27
Q

The outer and inner membranes are very specialized to keep H+ in the space while allowing __________ __________ of molecules through both membranes to maintain the factory

A

selective transport

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28
Q

Channel proteins on the outer membrane that selectively allow small molecules like pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.

A

porins

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29
Q

The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with many types of molecules:

A

1) Cytochrome P450 series enzymes
2) Coenzyme Q10
3) other enzymes of ETC
4) ATP synthase
5) substrate/product transport proteins

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30
Q

Aerobic respiration takes place in the ________ of cells.

A

mitochondria

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31
Q

The _______ is a closed system that facilitates the generation of ATP.

A

mitochondrion

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32
Q

Mitochondria carry _____ ____ ______ in the matrix.

A

loops of DNA

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33
Q

Loops of DNA are constantly coding for the ______ and _______.

A

enzymes; proteins

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34
Q

The enzymes and proteins in the loops of DNA are need in what 4 different processes?

A

1) Beta-Oxidation
2) Glycolysis
3) Krebs Cycle
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation

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35
Q

Beta-Oxidation, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation conserve the ______ in the _____ from having to constantly be unzipped.

A

genes; nucleus

36
Q

The production of _______ by mitochondrial enzymes is voluminous.

A

ATP

37
Q

________ stress is high in the matrix, and regularly wears out the ______ of the mitochondrion.

A

Oxidative; proteins

38
Q

Step 1 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylation; matrix

39
Q

Step 2 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

A

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle; matrix

40
Q

Step 3 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

A

Electron Transport Chain; cristae

41
Q

Step 4 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

A

ADP to ATP Phosphorylation - cristae

42
Q

Resulting in massive generation of ATP for cellular energy supply:

A

1) driving enzymatic catalysis
2) driving membrane transport proteins
3) driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture (anabolism)

43
Q

______ acid is the primary product of the metabolism of glucose in _________.

A

Pyruvic acid; glycolysis

44
Q

_____ ______ is a 3-carbon molecule, enters Step 1 and has one carbon removed as CO2, with the remaining acetyl group bonded to coenzyme A, making _____ which enters the Krebs Cycle.

A

Pyruvic acid; ACA

45
Q

When one carbon is removed as CO2.

A

decarboxylation

46
Q

Pyruvate decarboxylation release 2hat products and how many?

A

1 CO2; 1 NADH

47
Q

What is the basic purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

break down the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces

48
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces that enter into the cycle from ______ by reacting with _______.

A

ACA; oxygen

49
Q

The reaction of ACA with oxygen that releases energy from oxygen.

A

oxidative

50
Q

Energy is passed by ______ _______ _______to the ETC (Electron Transport Chain) in the cristae of the mitochondrion.

A

energy carrier molecules

51
Q

The Krebs cycle ________ carbon from pyruvic acid or fatty acids.

A

oxidizes (burns)

52
Q

In the Krebs cycle, ______ is released and passes out of the mitochondrion and cell into the blood for exhalation via the lungs.

A

CO2

53
Q

_______ ________ ________ produced from Krebs are utilized in the ETC of enzymes.

A

energy carrier molecules

54
Q

The enzyme complexes in the ETC _____ _____ to power a build up of potential energy in the mitochondrion, creating a _____ of energy.

A

move electrons (e-); battery

55
Q

At the conclusion of the ETC, _____ is used again but to accept electrons at the end of the ETC.

A

oxygen

56
Q

In the ETC, aerobic respiration oxygen is used in 2 different ways:

A

1) it is burnt in one with carbon

2) is used as an electron acceptor

57
Q

The battery created by the ETC is discharged across a membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme ____ _________

A

ATP synthase

58
Q

The banked energy _______ across the membrane’s _______ ________ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

A

equilibrates; concentration gradient

59
Q

What are the 4 input molecules in ATP energy generation?

A

1) Pyruvic acid or pyruvate
2) Acetyl Coenzyme A
3) O2 - oxygen
4) ADP

60
Q

What are the 4 vitamins used in ATP energy generation?

A

1) Riboflavin (B2)
2) Thiamine (B1)
3) Pantothenic Acid (B5)
4) Niacin (B3)

61
Q

What are the 6 cofactors/coenzymes involved in ATP energy generation?

A

1) Ubiquinone (CoQ10)
2) Coenzyme A
3) NAD+/NADH
4) FAD/FADH2
5) Coenzyme Lipoamide
6) FMN

62
Q

What are the 3 output molecules used in ATP energy generation?

A

1) ATP
2) H+
3) CO2

63
Q

What are the 5 mineral Ions involved in ATP energy generation?

A

1) Mg+2
2) Fe+2
3) Cu+2
4) Mn+2
5) K+

64
Q

Step 1 takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis and will convert pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A (ACA) via the enzyme complex ____ ________

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

65
Q

What complex are multiple enzymes that perform several functions with several cofactors?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

66
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase performs several actions, resulting in the manufacture of __________ __________ _____ from pyruvate

A

acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

67
Q

Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded to an _____ _____ using ________ ________.

A

acetyl group; coenzyme lipoamide

68
Q

_______ _____ donates its structure by accepting the acetyl group, yielding _________.

A

Coenzyme A; ACA

69
Q

In reducing Pyruvate (3-carbon molecule) to an acetyl group, one carbon is released as ______ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex.

A

CO2

70
Q

NAD+ is used in creating the _____, producing one _______.

A

CO2; NADH

71
Q

What happens during step 1 - Pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

1) coenzyme lipoamide is recycled
2) CO2 diffuses away
3) ACA then enters and begins its transformation in the Krebs cycle

72
Q

What is another name for the Krebs Cycle?

A

citric acid cycle

73
Q

_______ ________ is the first molecular product when acetyl coenzyme A is introduced to the cycle.

A

citric acid

74
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

oxidize (burn) carbon from ACA

75
Q

During the Krebs Cycle, how is the carbon oxidized (burned) from ACA?

A

sophisticated cascade of enzyme transformations on the 6-carbon citric acid molecule.

76
Q

______ is supplied from Step 1 or from Beta-Oxidation.

A

ACA

77
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2, and succinate

78
Q

During the Krebs Cycle, what excess ion is in their molecules, which carries an electron feeding the ETC in Step 3.

A

hydrogen

79
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, what is the waste product from the consumption of oxygen and carbon?

A

CO2

80
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, ________ (4-carbon) is cycled into the first enzyme - _________ - with ACA, creating citric acid - a 6-carbon molecule.

A

Oxaloacetate; citric synthetase

81
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, what is the 6-carbon backbone also known as, where every bit of energy is extracted from this backbone?

A

“workhorse”

82
Q

In sum, Krebs Cycle produces what products and how many of each?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

83
Q

By breaking down carbon compounds and using oxygen, Pyruvate Decarboxylation and the Krebs Cycle sends the ETC what products and how many?

A

4 NADH

1 FADH2

84
Q

What product is used in both ETC and Krebs as an electron shunt molecule?

A

succinate

85
Q

What and how many waste products are there?

A

3 CO2

86
Q

What from produces an abundance of oxygen and carbon?

A

sugars, fats, oils, and breathing oxygen

87
Q

The abundance of oxygen and carbon, creates a source of power for making ATP, using _____ and ______ as energy intermediates.

A

NADH; FADH2

88
Q

What molecule does NADH and FADH2 carry to the ETC?

A

hydrogen

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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