Week 2: Inorganic Chem Concepts & Intro to Organic Chem Flashcards
Biological systems operate under the _______ and _______ of the properties of solids, liquids, and gases by the laws of chemistry and physics.
advantages
constraints
H2O is a da spectacular medium for life to thrive, because it is dynamic, being polar, and because it ________ so many substances.
solubilizes
In liquids and gaseous environments, where molecules can circulate easily amongst themselves.
random motion
Following random motion, this law explains the desire of matter and energy to equilibrate if not constrained.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is also commonly referred to as?
entropy
What is the random motion of molecules in it’s confining container?
Brownian Motion
A subcategory of diffusion where the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density.
Concentration Gradient
2-dimensional measurement of a surface.
Surface area
(T/F) Red blood cells have high surface area.
False - RBC have small surface area, b/c their shape is simple and smooth
(T/F) Neurons have a high surface area.
True
_________ _________ takes place when molecules and/or atoms interact and a change in one or more molecules or atoms occurs.
chemical reaction
A substance intimately involved with a reaction which, without the use of energy, causes a reaction to occur.
catalyst
________ are primary biological catalysts.
Enzymes
The amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
activation energy
The speed of a reaction to completion.
rate of reaction
What do the following molecules yield: Na+OH- + H+Cl-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid
Na+Cl- (sodium chloride) and H+2O-2 (water)
Oxidants are damaging to tissues because they react with atom(s) of a molecule and change the molecule, which changes the _______ ________ and/or the electrochemistry of the molecule.
conformational structure
A molecule that strips electrons from biological molecules. They keep their electrons, leaving molecules in an oxidized state.
Toxin
A molecule that restores electrons to an environment and are inherently recycled so that they can re-donate electrons again and again.
Antioxidant
What is the chemistry of an atom’s nucleus?
Nuclear chemistry
The result of decay of an atom’s nucleus.
Radioactivity
An element having differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
isotope
Some isotopes of some elements are unstable, and release ________ __________ into the environment
decay particles
________ and ________ are metals, relatives of sodium and potassium - all with the same valance state. Their unstable isotopes are created by the disintegration of uranium from fission.
cesium
strontium
List the 4 major types of decay particles from atomic disintegration.
1) beta particles
2) positron emission
3) gamma rays
4) alpha particles
What are the 4 major types of decay products called?
ionizing radiation
Radiation damages atoms and molecules by
1) disrupting electron cloud and bonds to other atoms, causing oxidative stress
2) can damage an atomic nucleus by absorption of a neutron in a stable isotope - creating a radioactive, unstable isotope
List the 4 types of radiation and what they do:
1) Beta Particles - high energy electrons with a negative charge
2) Alpha Particles - weak radiation (no electrons), and disperses quickly
3) Positron emissions - electrons with positive charge
4) Gamma Rays - very high energy and dangerously destructive particle emissions
Organic chemistry is based on molecules and compounds that contain the element?
carbon
What are the most common elements in organic compounds are?
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen
Other elements will bond in varying ways to the 4 common elements in organic compounds.
sulfur and phosphorus
(T/F) Carbon compounds are exclusively bonded with covalent bonds.
True
Not technically bonded, but held in place within an enzyme or porphyrin structure.
chelated
List the Greek number names from 1 - 8.
"meth-" "eth-" "prop-" "but-" "pent-" "hex-" "hept-" "oct-"
What is the Latin prefix that indicates a 2-carbon chain?
“acet-“
The suffix of a molecule's name usually tells what class of organic molecule belongs to. What do the following suffix mean? "-ol" "-ase" "-ose" "-amine"
alcohol
enzyme
sugar
amino acid
What element has a valence of -4 and always has it’s 4 bonds filled, and always bonds covalently?
Carbon
Organic molecules can dissolve in water (affinity with water).
Hydrophilicity
Organic molecules that cannot dissolve in water (fear of water).
Hydrophobicity
Molecules that are more solid and dense because they have more hydrogen atoms bonded to the molecule per carbon.
Saturated molecules
Molecules that are more liquid and light because they have less hydrogen per carbon.
Unsaturated molecules
Many organic molecules that exist in both right- and left-handed mirror image configurations.
enantiomers
Organic molecules that have a right-configuration.
“D-“ form (dextrorotatory)
Organic molecules that have a left-configuration.
“L-“ form (levorotatory)
Amino acids used in biological systems use this configuration.
L-form
Sugar molecules used in biological systems use this configuration.
R-form
The first division of organic molecules?
aliphatic
aromatic
Aliphatic molecules are based on what backbone?
C-C-C (carbon-carbon-carbon) linear backbone
Aliphatic molecules are further divided into the following molecules?
alkane (single bond)
alkene (double bond)
alkyne (triple bond)
Aromatic molecules are based on?
benzene ring structure
What is the formula for benzene?
C6H6 (3 double bonds between the six carbons which form the ring)
What is an alkane or alkene attached to a primary molecular structure.
alkyl group
(T/F) Alkanes are saturated.
True
(T/F) Alkenes and alkynes are saturated.
False - these are both unsaturated or polysaturated
