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Biochemical Principles > Week 2: Inorganic Chem Concepts & Intro to Organic Chem > Flashcards

Week 2: Inorganic Chem Concepts & Intro to Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Biological systems operate under the _______ and _______ of the properties of solids, liquids, and gases by the laws of chemistry and physics.

A

advantages

constraints

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2
Q

H2O is a da spectacular medium for life to thrive, because it is dynamic, being polar, and because it ________ so many substances.

A

solubilizes

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3
Q

In liquids and gaseous environments, where molecules can circulate easily amongst themselves.

A

random motion

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4
Q

Following random motion, this law explains the desire of matter and energy to equilibrate if not constrained.

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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5
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is also commonly referred to as?

A

entropy

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6
Q

What is the random motion of molecules in it’s confining container?

A

Brownian Motion

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7
Q

A subcategory of diffusion where the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density.

A

Concentration Gradient

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8
Q

2-dimensional measurement of a surface.

A

Surface area

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9
Q

(T/F) Red blood cells have high surface area.

A

False - RBC have small surface area, b/c their shape is simple and smooth

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10
Q

(T/F) Neurons have a high surface area.

A

True

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11
Q

_________ _________ takes place when molecules and/or atoms interact and a change in one or more molecules or atoms occurs.

A

chemical reaction

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12
Q

A substance intimately involved with a reaction which, without the use of energy, causes a reaction to occur.

A

catalyst

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13
Q

________ are primary biological catalysts.

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

The amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

A

activation energy

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15
Q

The speed of a reaction to completion.

A

rate of reaction

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16
Q

What do the following molecules yield: Na+OH- + H+Cl-

sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid

A

Na+Cl- (sodium chloride) and H+2O-2 (water)

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17
Q

Oxidants are damaging to tissues because they react with atom(s) of a molecule and change the molecule, which changes the _______ ________ and/or the electrochemistry of the molecule.

A

conformational structure

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18
Q

A molecule that strips electrons from biological molecules. They keep their electrons, leaving molecules in an oxidized state.

A

Toxin

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19
Q

A molecule that restores electrons to an environment and are inherently recycled so that they can re-donate electrons again and again.

A

Antioxidant

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20
Q

What is the chemistry of an atom’s nucleus?

A

Nuclear chemistry

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21
Q

The result of decay of an atom’s nucleus.

A

Radioactivity

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22
Q

An element having differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

A

isotope

23
Q

Some isotopes of some elements are unstable, and release ________ __________ into the environment

A

decay particles

24
Q

________ and ________ are metals, relatives of sodium and potassium - all with the same valance state. Their unstable isotopes are created by the disintegration of uranium from fission.

A

cesium

strontium

25
Q

List the 4 major types of decay particles from atomic disintegration.

A

1) beta particles
2) positron emission
3) gamma rays
4) alpha particles

26
Q

What are the 4 major types of decay products called?

A

ionizing radiation

27
Q

Radiation damages atoms and molecules by

A

1) disrupting electron cloud and bonds to other atoms, causing oxidative stress
2) can damage an atomic nucleus by absorption of a neutron in a stable isotope - creating a radioactive, unstable isotope

28
Q

List the 4 types of radiation and what they do:

A

1) Beta Particles - high energy electrons with a negative charge
2) Alpha Particles - weak radiation (no electrons), and disperses quickly
3) Positron emissions - electrons with positive charge
4) Gamma Rays - very high energy and dangerously destructive particle emissions

29
Q

Organic chemistry is based on molecules and compounds that contain the element?

A

carbon

30
Q

What are the most common elements in organic compounds are?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

31
Q

Other elements will bond in varying ways to the 4 common elements in organic compounds.

A

sulfur and phosphorus

32
Q

(T/F) Carbon compounds are exclusively bonded with covalent bonds.

A

True

33
Q

Not technically bonded, but held in place within an enzyme or porphyrin structure.

A

chelated

34
Q

List the Greek number names from 1 - 8.

A 
"meth-"
"eth-"
"prop-"
"but-"
"pent-"
"hex-"
"hept-"
"oct-"
35
Q

What is the Latin prefix that indicates a 2-carbon chain?

A

“acet-“

36
Q 
The suffix of a molecule's name usually tells what class of organic molecule belongs to.  What do the following suffix mean?
"-ol"
"-ase"
"-ose"
"-amine"
A

alcohol
enzyme
sugar
amino acid

37
Q

What element has a valence of -4 and always has it’s 4 bonds filled, and always bonds covalently?

A

Carbon

38
Q

Organic molecules can dissolve in water (affinity with water).

A

Hydrophilicity

39
Q

Organic molecules that cannot dissolve in water (fear of water).

A

Hydrophobicity

40
Q

Molecules that are more solid and dense because they have more hydrogen atoms bonded to the molecule per carbon.

A

Saturated molecules

41
Q

Molecules that are more liquid and light because they have less hydrogen per carbon.

A

Unsaturated molecules

42
Q

Many organic molecules that exist in both right- and left-handed mirror image configurations.

A

enantiomers

43
Q

Organic molecules that have a right-configuration.

A

“D-“ form (dextrorotatory)

44
Q

Organic molecules that have a left-configuration.

A

“L-“ form (levorotatory)

45
Q

Amino acids used in biological systems use this configuration.

A

L-form

46
Q

Sugar molecules used in biological systems use this configuration.

A

R-form

47
Q

The first division of organic molecules?

A

aliphatic

aromatic

48
Q

Aliphatic molecules are based on what backbone?

A

C-C-C (carbon-carbon-carbon) linear backbone

49
Q

Aliphatic molecules are further divided into the following molecules?

A

alkane (single bond)
alkene (double bond)
alkyne (triple bond)

50
Q

Aromatic molecules are based on?

A

benzene ring structure

51
Q

What is the formula for benzene?

A

C6H6 (3 double bonds between the six carbons which form the ring)

52
Q

What is an alkane or alkene attached to a primary molecular structure.

A

alkyl group

53
Q

(T/F) Alkanes are saturated.

A

True

54
Q

(T/F) Alkenes and alkynes are saturated.

A

False - these are both unsaturated or polysaturated

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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