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Biochemical Principles > Lecture 7: Nitrogen Structures > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Nitrogen Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major nitrogen-containing building blocks?

A

1) Amino Acids
2) Porphyrins
3) Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are small, specific amines that build proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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3
Q

What are nitrogen-containing ring structures that chelate a metal ion in the center of the ring?

A

Porphyrins

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4
Q

What are the subunit/monomers for nucleic acids, which provide information storage and processing molecules for creating genetic material?

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

What genetic material is created by nucleotides?

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

What are the components of Amino Acids?

A

1) amino group
2) R-group (aliphatic or aromatic group)
3) carboxyl group (COOH)

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7
Q

(T/F) A monopeptide is the primary structure a cell makes.

A

False - a cell initially makes a polypeptide

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8
Q

Once a polypeptide develops its secondary and tertiary structure by folding, it becomes a _______

A

protein

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9
Q

(T/F) Proteins are amides.

A

True - amide or peptide bonds join two amino acids

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10
Q

What process forms amide/peptide bonds where water is released?

A

dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

What essential tripeptide is the cell’s major antioxidant molecule?

A

glutathione

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12
Q

Where does glutathione function to relieve oxidative stress?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell

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13
Q

In humans, how many specific amino acids are used in making proteins?

A

20

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14
Q

Of the 20 amino acids, humans have the genetic code/enzymes to synthesize _____, but need to acquire ______ of these from food protein.

A

12 and 8

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15
Q

What are 8 of the 20 amino acids from food protein called?

A

essential amino acids

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16
Q

In animal systems, only ____ -form enantiomer amino acids and only _____-chiral amino acids are incorporated into proteins.

A

L-form and alpha-chiral

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17
Q

_______-_________ _______ protein conformations apply cysteine and methionine.

A

sulfur-containing amino

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18
Q

cysteine and methionine are important in protein folding and integrity by forming ______ _______.

A

disulfide bridges

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19
Q

Net charge on aminos can be negative, neutral or positive and cause ___________ and __________ when the polypeptide folds into a protein.

A

attraction and repulsion

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20
Q

On charged or uncharged molecules, net charge on aminos can be: _______, _______, or _______.

A

negative, neutral or positive

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21
Q

Some aminos will more readily form ______ ______ between each other than others, affecting the protein conformation.

A

hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

___________ & _____________ amino conformations attract or repulse with each other as the protein folds.

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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23
Q

Enzymes, structural proteins, movement, messengers/hormones/regulatory molecules, transport, defense and providing nutrient storage are all _____ __ _______.

A

roles of protein

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24
Q

A polypeptide that is produced by a ribosome, is a linear unfolded chain of amino acids linked with peptide bonds.

A

Primary structure or 1st degree of the protein.

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25
Q

The next form of Hydrogen bonding between specific amino units which begin the folding process of proteins.

A

Secondary structure or 2nd degree of the protein

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26
Q

This even further folding of polypeptide, as a disulfide bonds, charge attractions/repulsions, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic attractions are lined up.

A

Tertiary structure or 3rd degree of a protein

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27
Q

When 2 or more tertiary proteins form similar weak bonds between each other - creating massive, multi-protein molecules.

A

Quaternary structures or 4th degree of a protein

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28
Q

What are 2 examples of a quaternary structure?

A
  • Hemoglobin in blood

- Immunoglobulins

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29
Q

What are the sites called within the macromolecule where the catalytic work of the enzyme takes place?

A

Active sites

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30
Q

What are the molecules that will be acted upon by the enzyme?

A

Substrates

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31
Q

(T/F) Splitting or joining molecules and flipping conformation occur in active sites.

A

True

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32
Q

_________ and ________ are often part of or introduced into the site, facilitating reactivity.

A

Coenzymes and cofactors.

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33
Q

What are some examples of coenzymes and cofactors?

A

ATP, vitamins, ions and porphyrins

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34
Q

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins and release amino acids into the bloodstream via small intestine absorption?

A

Protease

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35
Q

____________ are a complex heterocyclic amine molecule that plays an important role in enzymes and the enzyme-related process?

A

Porphyrins

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36
Q

What is the most notable ability of a porphyrin?

A

Chelate metal ions onto their structure

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37
Q

Cyanocobalamin is a variation of vitamin B-12. What does it chelate?

A

Cobalt

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38
Q

A metal ion that has numerous valence states, and is polychromatic.

A

Cobalt

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39
Q

What is the fourth major class of biological molecules?

A

Nucleic Acids

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40
Q

Why was “nucleo-“ used in the term for nucleic acids?

A

Genetic material is found in the nucleus of cells

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41
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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42
Q

What are the chains of nucleotides composed of?

A

Phosphate-sugar backbone

43
Q

What are phosphate-sugar backbones composed of?

A

Either ribose or deoxyribose sugars and phosphate (PO4)

44
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) utilizing ribose

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) utilizing deoxyribose

45
Q

Nucleotides are composed of 3 subunits:

A

1) Nitrogenous base
2) Monosaccharide
3) Phosphate group

46
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous base?

A

Purine or pyrimidine

47
Q

As monomers, nucleotides form:

A

ATP

48
Q

As dimers, nucleotides form:

A

NADH or FAD

49
Q

Where are nucleotides created?

A

Cell nucleus

50
Q

glutamic acid, cysteine & Glycine make up ______________

A

Glutathione

51
Q

Glutathione _________ when you are stressed

A

drops

52
Q

Citrulline is found in citrus and watermelon, it is a ________ ____________ messenger hormone

A

Nitrous Oxide (NO)

53
Q

___________, also found in egg whites, are abundant in hemoglobin and are delivered as soon as they are needed within the body

A

Albimun

54
Q

Actin and Myosin are proteins that aid in __________ & ____________ movement

A

tendon and muscle

55
Q

When repelling, hydrophobic aminos create a ______/_______ for enzymatic action

A

gap/space

56
Q

Hydrophilic aminos have an ______________ charge that forms an s-type of wave to fold proteins

A

asymmetric

57
Q

The classifications of amino acids fall into two dual-category columns: _________ & ___________ AND _________& _________

A

Essential & Non-Essential AND Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic

58
Q

__________ & ____________ are the two nitrogen containing structures of nitrogenous bases

A

Purine & Pyramidine

59
Q

A Purine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous rings

A

two

60
Q

A Pyrimidine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous ring

A

one

61
Q

___________ bases can contain one ring of Cytosine or one ring of DNA (only) or one ring of RNA (only)

A

Pyrimidine

62
Q

_______________ bases contain two rings, one of Guanine (GTP) and one of Adenine (ATP)

A

Purine

63
Q

The sugars in nucleosides or nucleotides are either ____________ or ___________. NO other sugar monomers are used in nucleosides or nucleotides.

A

Ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA)

64
Q

In a phosphate group the _____ _____ will flip. It’s filled with energy and pushes enzymes to operate.

A

double bond

65
Q

___________, a group of purines, form very common molecules in nature like plant pigments and caffeine.

A

Xanthines

66
Q

Two forms of Xanthines are __________ and _________

A

caffein & Adenosine

67
Q

Deoxyadenosine & deoxycytosine are base pairs of _______

A

DNA

68
Q

_______________ are the 2nd step in building nucleotides. They are a nitrogenous base plus a ribose and deoxyribose.

A

Nucleosides

69
Q

__________________ of nucleosides by bonding a phosphate group completes the formation of nucleotides from nucleosides

A

Phosphorylation

70
Q

Antiviral nucleosides have been developed to fight illnesses like _______

A

AIDS

71
Q

Nucleoside analogs are accidentally incorporated into HIV’s RNA causing _________ errors as the virus tries to reproduce

A

translation

72
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are intermediaries of _______ in ______________

A

ATP in metabolism

73
Q

____________ is used as a base for some of the most important molecules in the cell (ATP, NADH & cAMP).

A

Adenosine

74
Q

_______ is a messenger molecule used in the cytoplasm, regulating cell metabolism by stimulating energy use.

A

cAMP

75
Q

Caffeine prevents ______ from being degraded, thus keeping cellular activity higher than what is natural

A

cAMP

76
Q

cAMP __________(higher concentrations) or _________(lowered concentrations) cellular metabolism depending on concentrations.

A

increases or slows

77
Q

_____________ inhibits an enzyme called phosphodiesterase

A

Caffeine

78
Q

_____ & _____ are linear, unbranched chains of bonded nucleotides.

A

DNA & RNA

79
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine are nucleotide bases of _____

A

DNA

80
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Uracil are nucleotide bases of _____

A

RNA

81
Q

Nucleotides are bonded between their sugar & phosphate moieties, forming a _______-_________ ____________

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

82
Q

DNA forms a ______ ________ because there is a paired spiraling of the two strands

A

double helix

83
Q

___________ bonds form between the two bases of DNA

A

Hydrogen

84
Q

In DNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa

A

Adenine - - Thymine; Cytosine - - Guanine

85
Q

In RNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa

A

Adenine - - Uracil; Cytosine - - Guanine

86
Q

DNA duplicate strands are carefully recorded in tact and formed by the action of _______ __________

A

repair enzymes

87
Q

____________ get into the genetic code in the repair enzyme process

A

Mutations

88
Q

DNA has one function - to be a __________ __________ for genetic data

A

storage molecule

89
Q

RNA has three distinct types of functions: ___________RNA, __________RNA & ____________RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA & Messenger RNA

90
Q

______ is a workhorse for nucleic acids

A

RNA

91
Q

______ & ________ structures are usually folded and hydrogen bonded

A

rRNA & tRNA

92
Q

________ exists as an open unbonded strand

A

mRNA

93
Q

rRNA is made in the ______ _________

A

cell nucleus

94
Q

rRNA are also known as ____________, as their roles in the cell are exactly like an _________

A

ribozymes; enzyme

95
Q

A hammerhead ribozyme _________ RNA

A

splices

96
Q

mRNA is a single-strand _______ ____ . It is transcribed from _____ in the nucleus and is a sense copy of one (antisense) strand of the double strand.

A

nucleic acid; DNA

97
Q

mRNA carries the protein code from the nucleus to the cell’s manufactories as information packets called ________

A

codons

98
Q

_________ serve as an intermediate in mRNA strands

A

codons

99
Q

_______ is a short nucleic acid, an oddly folded, single strand of RNA bases

A

tRNA

100
Q

There are ______ different tRNA’s which code for each of the _____ amino acids used in human protein.

A

20; 20

101
Q

The ____________ is the 3-base portion of the chain which matches up to the _________ on messenger RNA

A

anticodon; codon

102
Q

The ______________ in tRNA will be different for the 20 types of specific amino acids

A

Anticodon

103
Q

In protein synthesis, ______ is formed by the ___-_______ (polypeptide development site)

A

ATP; P-site

Biochemical Principles (11 decks)

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