Lecture 7: Nitrogen Structures Flashcards
What are the 3 major nitrogen-containing building blocks?
1) Amino Acids
2) Porphyrins
3) Nucleotides
What are small, specific amines that build proteins?
Amino Acids
What are nitrogen-containing ring structures that chelate a metal ion in the center of the ring?
Porphyrins
What are the subunit/monomers for nucleic acids, which provide information storage and processing molecules for creating genetic material?
Nucleotides
What genetic material is created by nucleotides?
DNA and RNA
What are the components of Amino Acids?
1) amino group
2) R-group (aliphatic or aromatic group)
3) carboxyl group (COOH)
(T/F) A monopeptide is the primary structure a cell makes.
False - a cell initially makes a polypeptide
Once a polypeptide develops its secondary and tertiary structure by folding, it becomes a _______
protein
(T/F) Proteins are amides.
True - amide or peptide bonds join two amino acids
What process forms amide/peptide bonds where water is released?
dehydration synthesis
What essential tripeptide is the cell’s major antioxidant molecule?
glutathione
Where does glutathione function to relieve oxidative stress?
in the cytoplasm of the cell
In humans, how many specific amino acids are used in making proteins?
20
Of the 20 amino acids, humans have the genetic code/enzymes to synthesize _____, but need to acquire ______ of these from food protein.
12 and 8
What are 8 of the 20 amino acids from food protein called?
essential amino acids
In animal systems, only ____ -form enantiomer amino acids and only _____-chiral amino acids are incorporated into proteins.
L-form and alpha-chiral
_______-_________ _______ protein conformations apply cysteine and methionine.
sulfur-containing amino
cysteine and methionine are important in protein folding and integrity by forming ______ _______.
disulfide bridges
Net charge on aminos can be negative, neutral or positive and cause ___________ and __________ when the polypeptide folds into a protein.
attraction and repulsion
On charged or uncharged molecules, net charge on aminos can be: _______, _______, or _______.
negative, neutral or positive
Some aminos will more readily form ______ ______ between each other than others, affecting the protein conformation.
hydrogen bonds
___________ & _____________ amino conformations attract or repulse with each other as the protein folds.
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Enzymes, structural proteins, movement, messengers/hormones/regulatory molecules, transport, defense and providing nutrient storage are all _____ __ _______.
roles of protein
A polypeptide that is produced by a ribosome, is a linear unfolded chain of amino acids linked with peptide bonds.
Primary structure or 1st degree of the protein.
The next form of Hydrogen bonding between specific amino units which begin the folding process of proteins.
Secondary structure or 2nd degree of the protein
This even further folding of polypeptide, as a disulfide bonds, charge attractions/repulsions, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic attractions are lined up.
Tertiary structure or 3rd degree of a protein
When 2 or more tertiary proteins form similar weak bonds between each other - creating massive, multi-protein molecules.
Quaternary structures or 4th degree of a protein
What are 2 examples of a quaternary structure?
- Hemoglobin in blood
- Immunoglobulins
What are the sites called within the macromolecule where the catalytic work of the enzyme takes place?
Active sites
What are the molecules that will be acted upon by the enzyme?
Substrates
(T/F) Splitting or joining molecules and flipping conformation occur in active sites.
True
_________ and ________ are often part of or introduced into the site, facilitating reactivity.
Coenzymes and cofactors.
What are some examples of coenzymes and cofactors?
ATP, vitamins, ions and porphyrins
What enzymes hydrolyze proteins and release amino acids into the bloodstream via small intestine absorption?
Protease
____________ are a complex heterocyclic amine molecule that plays an important role in enzymes and the enzyme-related process?
Porphyrins
What is the most notable ability of a porphyrin?
Chelate metal ions onto their structure
Cyanocobalamin is a variation of vitamin B-12. What does it chelate?
Cobalt
A metal ion that has numerous valence states, and is polychromatic.
Cobalt
What is the fourth major class of biological molecules?
Nucleic Acids
Why was “nucleo-“ used in the term for nucleic acids?
Genetic material is found in the nucleus of cells
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the chains of nucleotides composed of?
Phosphate-sugar backbone
What are phosphate-sugar backbones composed of?
Either ribose or deoxyribose sugars and phosphate (PO4)
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) utilizing ribose
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) utilizing deoxyribose
Nucleotides are composed of 3 subunits:
1) Nitrogenous base
2) Monosaccharide
3) Phosphate group
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous base?
Purine or pyrimidine
As monomers, nucleotides form:
ATP
As dimers, nucleotides form:
NADH or FAD
Where are nucleotides created?
Cell nucleus
glutamic acid, cysteine & Glycine make up ______________
Glutathione
Glutathione _________ when you are stressed
drops
Citrulline is found in citrus and watermelon, it is a ________ ____________ messenger hormone
Nitrous Oxide (NO)
___________, also found in egg whites, are abundant in hemoglobin and are delivered as soon as they are needed within the body
Albimun
Actin and Myosin are proteins that aid in __________ & ____________ movement
tendon and muscle
When repelling, hydrophobic aminos create a ______/_______ for enzymatic action
gap/space
Hydrophilic aminos have an ______________ charge that forms an s-type of wave to fold proteins
asymmetric
The classifications of amino acids fall into two dual-category columns: _________ & ___________ AND _________& _________
Essential & Non-Essential AND Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic
__________ & ____________ are the two nitrogen containing structures of nitrogenous bases
Purine & Pyramidine
A Purine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous rings
two
A Pyrimidine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous ring
one
___________ bases can contain one ring of Cytosine or one ring of DNA (only) or one ring of RNA (only)
Pyrimidine
_______________ bases contain two rings, one of Guanine (GTP) and one of Adenine (ATP)
Purine
The sugars in nucleosides or nucleotides are either ____________ or ___________. NO other sugar monomers are used in nucleosides or nucleotides.
Ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA)
In a phosphate group the _____ _____ will flip. It’s filled with energy and pushes enzymes to operate.
double bond
___________, a group of purines, form very common molecules in nature like plant pigments and caffeine.
Xanthines
Two forms of Xanthines are __________ and _________
caffein & Adenosine
Deoxyadenosine & deoxycytosine are base pairs of _______
DNA
_______________ are the 2nd step in building nucleotides. They are a nitrogenous base plus a ribose and deoxyribose.
Nucleosides
__________________ of nucleosides by bonding a phosphate group completes the formation of nucleotides from nucleosides
Phosphorylation
Antiviral nucleosides have been developed to fight illnesses like _______
AIDS
Nucleoside analogs are accidentally incorporated into HIV’s RNA causing _________ errors as the virus tries to reproduce
translation
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are intermediaries of _______ in ______________
ATP in metabolism
____________ is used as a base for some of the most important molecules in the cell (ATP, NADH & cAMP).
Adenosine
_______ is a messenger molecule used in the cytoplasm, regulating cell metabolism by stimulating energy use.
cAMP
Caffeine prevents ______ from being degraded, thus keeping cellular activity higher than what is natural
cAMP
cAMP __________(higher concentrations) or _________(lowered concentrations) cellular metabolism depending on concentrations.
increases or slows
_____________ inhibits an enzyme called phosphodiesterase
Caffeine
_____ & _____ are linear, unbranched chains of bonded nucleotides.
DNA & RNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine are nucleotide bases of _____
DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Uracil are nucleotide bases of _____
RNA
Nucleotides are bonded between their sugar & phosphate moieties, forming a _______-_________ ____________
sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA forms a ______ ________ because there is a paired spiraling of the two strands
double helix
___________ bonds form between the two bases of DNA
Hydrogen
In DNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa
Adenine - - Thymine; Cytosine - - Guanine
In RNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa
Adenine - - Uracil; Cytosine - - Guanine
DNA duplicate strands are carefully recorded in tact and formed by the action of _______ __________
repair enzymes
____________ get into the genetic code in the repair enzyme process
Mutations
DNA has one function - to be a __________ __________ for genetic data
storage molecule
RNA has three distinct types of functions: ___________RNA, __________RNA & ____________RNA
Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA & Messenger RNA
______ is a workhorse for nucleic acids
RNA
______ & ________ structures are usually folded and hydrogen bonded
rRNA & tRNA
________ exists as an open unbonded strand
mRNA
rRNA is made in the ______ _________
cell nucleus
rRNA are also known as ____________, as their roles in the cell are exactly like an _________
ribozymes; enzyme
A hammerhead ribozyme _________ RNA
splices
mRNA is a single-strand _______ ____ . It is transcribed from _____ in the nucleus and is a sense copy of one (antisense) strand of the double strand.
nucleic acid; DNA
mRNA carries the protein code from the nucleus to the cell’s manufactories as information packets called ________
codons
_________ serve as an intermediate in mRNA strands
codons
_______ is a short nucleic acid, an oddly folded, single strand of RNA bases
tRNA
There are ______ different tRNA’s which code for each of the _____ amino acids used in human protein.
20; 20
The ____________ is the 3-base portion of the chain which matches up to the _________ on messenger RNA
anticodon; codon
The ______________ in tRNA will be different for the 20 types of specific amino acids
Anticodon
In protein synthesis, ______ is formed by the ___-_______ (polypeptide development site)
ATP; P-site
