WEEK 4: The Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Lower airway includes the __ to the __

Answer 1

trachea to the lungs

Question 2

Upper airway includes the

Answer 2

nose, pharynx and larynx

Question 3

What is respiration?

Answer 3

Ventilation + gas exchange

Question 4

What is boyle’s law?

Answer 4

Volume 1 x Pressure 1 = Volume 2 x Pressure 2
= if the lung volume increases (inspiration) but the amount of gas inside
remains the same, the pressure is reduced. Air follows the pressure
from high (outside lungs) to low (inside lungs) until its equal.

Question 5

When we breathe in respiration, we have to enlarge our ___

Answer 5

thoracic cage

Question 6

Intercostal muscles are considered primary muscles of ___

Answer 6

breathing

Question 7

What are considered accessory muscles of breathing?

Answer 7

scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid and
pectoralis muscles

Question 8

What is the primary structure that supports breathing?

Answer 8

The diaphragm

Question 9

What is pleura?

Answer 9

two layers that are connected at the lung hilum (pulmonary ligament)

Question 9

What are the two layers of pleura

Answer 9

visceral pleura (on top of lungs) & parietal pleura (inside the ribcage and bordering the mediastinum

Question 10

What fluid lies between the layers of the pleura and what is it’s function?

Answer 10

pleural fluid - contains immune cells and works as a lubricant/adhesive

Question 11

When the ribcage and diaphragm move, so does the __, __ and __

Answer 11

visceral & parietal pleura and lungs

Question 12

What is costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 12

spaces covered by the parietal pleura and not filled by the lung

Question 13

What in the parietal pleura controls pleural fluid amount?

Answer 13

Capillaries and lymphatics

Question 14

gas exchange is driven by

Answer 14

diffusion

Question 15

what is ventilation?

Answer 15

mechanical driven conduction of air

Question 16

What is pleura

Answer 16

The connection between lungs and thoracic cage

Question 17

Muscles joins between ribs and vertebral column and the sternum play a role in

Answer 17

breathing

Question 18

Two movements of the thoracic cage include

Answer 18

bucket handle movement and pump handle movement

Question 19

breathing in is also known as

Answer 19

inspiration

Question 20

The diaphragm descends to increase thoracic capacity during ___

Answer 20

inspiration

Question 21

both types of intercostal and external muscles can participate in inspiration and expiration: T or F

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Where is the parietal pleura attached to?

Answer 22

the inner part of the ribcage and to the diaphragm

Question 23

where is the visecrual pleura connected to?

Answer 23

the lungs, and adheres to the parietal pleura

Question 24

spaces in the lungs can be used to

Answer 24

accommodate when the lungs expand and are usually filled with fluids

Question 25

What are the names of various reference lines?

Answer 25

sternal line, midclavicular line, midaxillary line, scapular line, paravertebral line

Question 26

There are blood vessels and nerves that line the lower part of the ribs/ grooves of the ribs: T or F

Answer 26

T

Question 27

when an individual is breathing in, what happens to pressure and suction

Answer 27

pressure becomes more negative and this causes suction

Question 28

Outside the lung includes

Answer 28

Treachea and main bronchi

Question 29

Inside of the lung includes

Answer 29

bronchi, bornchioli and terminal bronchioli

Question 30

conducting airways can support maximum

Answer 30

150 mL of air

Question 31

What is the length and diameter of the trachea

Answer 31

100-120 mm & 10-25 mm respectively

Question 32

two main bronchi (right and left) branch off to where

Answer 32

carina

Question 33

the right bronchus is ___ and the left bronchus is more __

Answer 33

straight & oblique

Question 34

how many lobes on the right and left

Answer 34

3 (right) 2 (left)

Question 35

How many segments on the left and right

Answer 35

9-10 left 10 right

Question 36

What are generations?

Answer 36

the generations of airways that divide eg. trachea is 0 generation whereas alveolar sac is 23rd generation

Question 37

the bigger the area =

Answer 37

the more gas exchange that can occur

Question 38

slower flow of air allows for increased?

Answer 38

gas exchange

Question 39

What structures participate in gas exchange?

Answer 39

alveol, surfactant, capillaries and erythrocytes

Question 40

what is the surface area of alveoli

Answer 40

50-100 m^2

Question 41

what does surfactant do?

Answer 41

reduces the willingness of the alveolus to shrink as the alveoli want to get rid of air

Question 42

components of the blood air barrier include?

Answer 42

alveolar type 1 epithelial cell basement membrane/ interstitial space endothelial cell plasma erythrocyte membrane

Question 43

voluntary control of breathing is run by the

Answer 43

cortex- corticospinal tract - spinal cord

Question 44

involuntary - spontaneous control of breathing is run by the

Answer 44

medulla - pacemaker cells