week 2

Question 1

What are immunity proteins essential for?

Answer 1

Defense against foreign pathogens

Question 2

What are cytokines?

Answer 2

Small proteins essential for communication between immune cells

Question 3

Which cells mainly produce cytokines?

Answer 3

Helper T cells and macrophages

Question 4

What is the role of antibodies?

Answer 4

Identify and neutralize foreign particles

Question 5

What is the structure of antibodies?

Answer 5

Two pairs of polypeptide chains forming a Y protein shape

Question 6

What are the different classes of antibodies?

Answer 6

IgG, M, A, D, and E

Question 7

What do complement proteins do?

Answer 7

Clear invading pathogens in the innate immune system

Question 8

What are antigens?

Answer 8

Substances that bind to antibodies and activate the adaptive immune response

Question 9

What are exogenous antigens?

Answer 9

Antigens that have entered from outside the body

Question 10

What are endogenous antigens?

Answer 10

Generated from cells in the body due to metabolism or infection

Question 11

What is an autoantigen?

Answer 11

A self protein that should not be targeted by the immune system

Question 12

What is haemostasis?

Answer 12

The cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel

Question 13

What are the three steps of haemostasis?

Answer 13

• Vasoconstriction
• Temporary blockage by a plug
• Blood coagulation

Question 14

What are clotting factors?

Answer 14

Inactive zymogens that activate and catalyze reactions in coagulation

Question 15

What are anticoagulants?

Answer 15

Substances that prevent blood clots, maintain homeostatic balance

Question 16

What can cause bleeding disorders?

Answer 16

Failure of the coagulation process

Question 17

What are transport proteins?

Answer 17

Proteins that carry substances like ions sugars and messenger molecules across biological membranes

Question 18

What are the three types of transport proteins?

Answer 18

• Carrier proteins
• Protein channels
  albumin

Question 19

What is the function of carrier proteins?

Answer 19

Move substances against their gradient using energy to transfer substances across the lipid bilayer

Question 20

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 20

A carrier protein that establishes an electrochemical gradient

Question 21

What is albumin?

Answer 21

The most abundant protein in the blood that maintains oncotic pressure

Question 22

What are enzymes?

Answer 22

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

Question 23

What are the classes of enzymes based on biochemical reactions?

Answer 23

• Oxidoreductases
• Transferases
• Hydrolases
• Lyases
• Isomerases
• Ligases

Question 24

What are biomarkers?

Answer 24

Enzymes used to indicate tissue destruction or pathology

Question 25

What are common neurotransmitters?

Answer 25

* Serotonin * Dopamine * Norepinephrine * Acetylcholine * GABA

Question 26

What are cell adhesion molecules?

Answer 26

Proteins that hold cells and tissues together

Question 27

What are the four types of cell adhesion molecules?

Answer 27

* Cadherins * Selectins * Integrins * Intercellular adhesion molecules

Question 28

What are recognition proteins?

Answer 28

Glycoproteins on the cell surface that act as identity badges

Question 29

What does the term CD stand for?

Answer 29

Cluster of differentiation

Question 30

primary structure

Answer 30

consists of a sequence of amino acids composition of hydrophobic/hydrophilic amino acids influence protein structure

Question 31

secondary structure

Answer 31

first level protein folding, formation of alpha helix and a beta-sheet

Question 32

tertiary structure

Answer 32

3D spatial arrangement of the secondary structure consists of hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulphide bonds

Question 33

quaternary structure

Answer 33

formation of total protein complex, multiple polypeptides, held together by non covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces

Question 34

structural proteins

Answer 34

form muscle, bone, skin, connective tissue and the cytoskeleton

Question 35

collagens are?

Answer 35

a type of structural protein that provides strength support and shape to tissues, made up of 3 polypeptide chains and a triple superhelix stabilised by hydrogen bonding

Question 36

cytoskeletal proteins are?

Answer 36

a type of structural protein that function in cell protection, motility, cytokinesis, transport, cell division and organelle organization

Question 37

3 types of cytoskeletal proteins?

Answer 37

microfilament, intermediate filament and microtubule

Question 38

DNA associated proteins include?

Answer 38

histones and transcription factors

Question 39

transcription factors

Answer 39

contain DNA binding domain and activation domain, bind promoters and enhances & promote/interfere with RNA polymerase recruitment

Question 40

what are the three types of immunity proteins?

Answer 40

cytokines, antibodies, and complement

Question 41

what are cytokines?

Answer 41

small proteins/peptides produced by immune cells regulate immunity, inflammation and haemopoiesis

Question 42

what are complements?

Answer 42

contain over 30 proteins and are involved in the innate immune system, involve clearing invading pathogens, form a membrane attack complex and involve cell lysis

Question 43

types of antigens?

Answer 43

exogenous, endogenous, autoantigen, tumor antigen and native antigen

Question 44

what is coagulation?

Answer 44

blood clot formation, the process of haemostasis, the activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets, deposition of fibrin