Week 4: pre-practical

Question 1

what does the respiratory system do?

Answer 1

it conducts air from outside the body to the gas exchange areas of the lungs (alveoli)

Question 2

Oxygen is delivered to the blood for?

Answer 2

distribution.

Question 3

the waste product, CO2, is taken up to the alveoli and eventually

Answer 3

expelled

Question 4

the respiratory system consists of ?

Answer 4

upper and lower respiratory tracts

Question 5

the upper respiratory tract consists of?

Answer 5

the nasal cavity, majority of the pharynx which connects nasal and oral cavity with larynx and esophagus

Question 6

the lower respiratory tract consists of?

Answer 6

treachea, bronchi, terminal bronchi, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 7

alveoli is the site of?

Answer 7

gas exchange, where O2 and CO2 enter and leave the lung capillaries

Question 8

What is inspiration

Answer 8

breathing in, providing the alveoli with fresh atmospheric air

Question 9

What is expiration?

Answer 9

breathing out, removing air containing decreased oxygen and increased CO2 concentrations

Question 10

what is the name of the spaces within our skull that the nasal cavity is connected to?

Answer 10

paranasal sinuses

Question 11

what is olfaction and what allows olfaction to occur

Answer 11

smell- which is promoted by olfactory nerves in the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 12

the stem bronchi are clinically important as

Answer 12

inhaled particles can be trapped there

Question 12

what is the purpose of conchae

Answer 12

they increase surface area, create turbulent airflow to increase olfaction and hide connections to sinuses & the orbit

Question 13

In the lower respiratory tract, air is ___ ___ and ___

Answer 13

cleaned, warmed and humidified

Question 14

the thoracic cavity contains

Answer 14

heart and lungs

Question 15

the heart and lungs are both covered by

Answer 15

connective tissue sheets

Question 16

What is the thoracic cage’s functions

Answer 16

it protects the organs with its joints and bones, and helps individuals participate in breathing

Question 17

How does exhaled air coming out more slowly than normal in people with obstructive lung disease affect breathing?

Answer 17

Hyperinflation flattens the diaphragm which causes it to become less effective in regulating pleural pressures for efficient breathing

Question 18

what is an example of an obstructive lung disease?

Answer 18

asthma

Question 19

COPD is an umbrella term fro progressive lung diseases including

Answer 19

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

Question 20

What is restrictive pulmonary disease?

Answer 20

when people cannot fully fill lungs with air- restriced from fully expanding

Question 21

what is RPD caused by

Answer 21

pulmonary fibrosis, neuromuscular diseases, sarcoidosis which results in stiffness of lungs, chest wall, weak muscles and damaged nerves

Question 22

chemoreceptors play a curcial role in monitoring what levels in the blood?

Answer 22

CO2, O2, pH

Question 23

What is the role of central chemoreceptors?

Answer 23

• detect changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid reflecting CO2 levels in blood
  -detect an increase in CO2, lower pH, stimulating the repiratory centers to increase ventilation and expel CO2 as well as restore pH balance

Question 24

what is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 24

- respond to low O2 levels (hypoxia) in arterial blood - when O2 levels drop significantly, they signal the respiratory center to increase breathing rate and depth

Question 25

During exercise, muscles require more __ and produce more __

Answer 25

O2 and CO2

Question 26

when and why does increased ventilation rate and depth occur regarding exercise?

Answer 26

before exercise (due to anticipatory increase as a result of input from brain) during exercise (increased CO2 and H+ stimulate chemoreceptors that lead to hyperventilation to expel CO2 and take in more O2)

Question 27

How does neural control influence ventilation during exercise?

Answer 27

The movement of muscles and joints send signals to the brainstem from proprioceptors, stimulating ventilation

Question 28

how is gas exchange optimised during exercise

Answer 28

more blood is directed to alveoli, with better oxygenation

Question 29

how is there increased cardiac output during exercise?

Answer 29

the heart beats faster and pumps more blood to transport O2 efficiently to muscles

Question 30

central chemoreceptors are the dominant?

Answer 30

driver of ventilation

Question 31

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 31

inside the blood-brain barrier

Question 32

CO2 diffuses easily through the blood brin barrier T or F

Answer 32

T

Question 33

H+ travels easily through the blood brain barrier: T or F

Answer 33

F (travels with difficulty)

Question 34

what are the name of 2 other receptors related to sensory input systems?

Answer 34

mechanoreceptors and metaboreceptors

Question 35

what are the controls centre?

Answer 35

pons, medulla

Question 36

Central chemoreceptors are predominatly located in the __ but also can be in other areas like the __

Answer 36

medulla, hypothalamus & cerebellum

Question 37

Why do people die from opiods

Answer 37

causes depressing of nerve fibres and neurons, depresses breathing

Question 38

what are the first 3 steps that occur during exercise?

Answer 38

1. increased demand for oxygen in muscles 2. increased production of CO2 in muscle 3. stimulation of chemoreceptors surrounding muscle

Question 39

what are the next 4, 5, 5 steps that occur during exercise

Answer 39

4. increased PaCO2 and reduced PaO2 5. stimulated peripheral and central chemoreceptors 6. increased activity of phrenic and intercostal nerves