Week 4 Quizzes

Question 1

True or False: The risk analysis paradigm assumes that in may cases there is zero risk of harm.

Answer 1

False: Risk analysis paradigm assumes everything we do involves risk, zero risk is unachievable, and options exist for managing every risk

Question 2

True or False: Good risk communication will often suggest positive actions people can take to reduce their risk,

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or False: The risk analysis paradigm assumes that there are options for managing every risk.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which option below places possible public responses to risk from the most frequent reaction to the least frequent reaction?

a. Fear, Denial, Panic, Acceptance
b. Denial, Fear, Panic, Acceptance
c. Acceptance, Fear, Denial, Panic
d. Panic, Denial, Fear, Acceptance
e. Denial, Acceptance, Panic, Fear

Answer 4

c. Acceptance, Fear, Denial, Panic

Question 5

True or False: Risk communication should be two way: delivering information to the public as well as listening to public concerns.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or False: Withholding information about a situation because you think the public cannot handle it, and may panic when they hear the information, is good risk communication and one of the 10 best practices.

Answer 6

False: Withholding important information with the intent to prevent panic–may actually lead to panic down the road if your audience finds out (and they usually do.) This is an unwise strategy. Tell what you do know, what you don’t know, and when you will have more information – that is one of the 10 Best Practices.

Question 7

True or False: Fear and Trust greatly affect Risk Communication. Generally, fear is rapidly acquired, slow to extinguish, and easily re-established.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or False: Good risk communication will tailor the message to a specific audience.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

True or False: Trust and Fear both have a significant impact on how risk communication is perceived. Generally, Trust is slowly acquired, readily extinguished, and difficult to re-establish.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or False: To be maximally effective and efficient it is best to target risk communication at the general public rather than specific audiences.

Answer 10

False: The general public does not exist. There are a number of “publics” which correspond to a myriad of approaches to risk communication. Each message should be tailored to the audience it is being delivered to.

Question 11

True or False: If 30% of pens with cattle previously on feed for over 100 days are febrile, depressed, and have oral lesions, it could be FMD. You should call the animal health authorities and be aware that “what you say and do matters.”

Answer 11

True

Question 12

All of the following are important biosecurity measures during the investigation of a vesicular disease outbreak EXCEPT:

a. Work from healthiest animals to sickest animals
b. Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
c. Notify the media so they can tell the public to stay away from the farm
d. Clean/disinfect equipment used
e. No movement on or off the farm

Answer 12

c. Notify the media so they can tell the public to stay away from the farm

Question 13

When should you contact a state animal health official if FMD is suspected?

a. At the end of the day when you make the rest of your calls.
b. Never, as FMD is endemic and you’re not to contact a state animal health official about endemic diseases.
c. Immediately, but then continue on to your next appointment.
d. Not until you get a definitive diagnosis; you don’t want to waste their time.
e. Immediately, the state animal health official will advise you what to do next; he/she may have you stay at the farm until the FADD arrives.

Answer 13

e. Immediately, the state animal health official will advise you what to do next; he/she may have you stay at the farm until the FADD arrives.

Question 14

True or False: When dealing with a high outrage, high crisis situation, it is best to provide highly detailed instructions for all aspects of biosecurity, and emphasize strict adherence to each individual component no matter how small.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

All of the following are top differentials for an infectious disease causing fever and erosions and vesicles in the oral cavity of cattle except:

a. Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus
b. Foot and Mouth Disease Virus
c. Traumatic Stomatitis
d. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Answer 15

c. Traumatic Stomatitis

Question 16

True or False: Responding inappropriately to an FMD outbreak will result in significant clinical disease in humans and it is likely the surge capacity of hospitals will be exceeded.

Answer 16

False: FMD is not a zoonotic disease and does not cause significant clinical disease in humans. The impact of an FMD outbreak on humans will be significant due to hardship endured by the loss of animals and the economic consequences.

Question 17

Risk communication is an important component in the response to a potential crisis. Which is NOT appropriate when dealing with a potential FMD outbreak:

a. Let your client know what you know, what you don’t know, and what you are doing to find answers.
b. Discuss the public health aspects of the disease.
c. Assure your client that they don’t need to worry and that everything will be okay.
d. Let your client know when you will have further information.
e. Let your client know what procedures are mandatory to follow, as well as any additional steps he can or should take to protect his animals and prevent the disease from spreading.

Answer 17

c. Assure your client that they don’t need to worry and that everything will be okay.

Question 18

Which of the following actions should you avoid when educating your clients and the public during an FMD outbreak:

a. Speculating on what you think is happening and what the outcome will be.
b. Providing a FAQ sheet
c. Providing current and consistent information
d. Deferring questions which are not covered in factsheets and FAQ sheets to the proper authorities
e. Staying calm

Answer 18

a. Speculating on what you think is happening and what the outcome will be.

Question 19

Choose the most appropriate sequence for inspecting animals on a suspect FMD farm:

a. Healthy animals with sick animal contact, healthy animals with no contact, hospital facility
b. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, hospital facility, healthy animals with contact
c. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact, hospital facility
d. Hospital facility, healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact
e. Hospital facility, healthy animals with sick animal contact, healthy animals with no contact

Answer 19

c. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact, hospital facility

Question 20

Which of the following species is not susceptible to infection with FMD virus?

a. Horses
b. Cattle
c. Water buffalo
d. Pigs
e. Hedgehogs

Answer 20

a. Horses

Question 21

You are suspicious of anthrax in cattle at a client’s ranch and you have a concern about nefarious activity. What should you say and do? (Choose the best answer)

a. Tell your client as much as you can about what might be happening and all you know about anthrax. You should let him know you suspect bioterrorism/agroterrorism but encourage him not to be afraid. Try to assure him everything will be fine and remind him animal health officials are trained to handle these kinds of cases. You also suggest he not say anything to his family, but just make sure they don’t go near the area where the animals are. You let him know you will be in contact whenever you hear back from the lab.
b. Tell your client you do not know what this is but you will find out and get back to him soon.
c. Don’t mention it. Take appropriate precautions to get samples for the lab and let the client know you will be in contact.
d. Tell your client that the clinical signs are consistent with anthrax, you are not sure how the cattle were exposed, and you are going to call the animal health officials to help with answering some of the questions. You let him know anthrax is zoonotic and help him know the appropriate biosecurity measures to take to protect himself, his family, and other animals. When you leave, you tell him you will call him in three to four hours to give him an update. You make sure he has your contact information in case he has questions or thinks of more information he would like you to know. .
e. Be honest with the client and tell him you suspect bioterrorism/agroterrorism.

Answer 21

d. Tell your client that the clinical signs are consistent with anthrax, you are not sure how the cattle were exposed, and you are going to call the animal health officials to help with answering some of the questions. You let him know anthrax is zoonotic and help him know the appropriate biosecurity measures to take to protect himself, his family, and other animals. When you leave, you tell him you will call him in three to four hours to give him an update. You make sure he has your contact information in case he has questions or thinks of more information he would like you to know. .

Question 22

A herd of cattle on pasture were fine two days ago, now two of the adults, who were in great condition, are dead. On necropsy, hemoglobinuria (blood in the urine) and a large hepatic (liver) infarct are observed. What is the top on your list of causative agents? For help, see the differentials for Acute Death in Cattle chart found at the bottom of the Introduction/Differentials page.:

a. Weaponized anthrax
b. Clostridium chauvoei
c. Bacillus anthracis
d. Leptospira hardjo
e. Clostridium hemolyticum

Answer 22

e. Clostridium hemolyticum

Question 23

Which of these are zoonotic diseases from CDC’s Bioterrorism Category A agents list:

a. Anthrax, Botulism, and Plague .
b. Plague, Hantavirus, and Anthrax
c. Smallpox, Tularemia, and Brucellosis
d. Ricin, Botulism, and Smallpox
e. Q Fever, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Nipah virus

Answer 23

a. Anthrax, Botulism, and Plague .

Question 24

Anthrax in cattle:

a. Is rare because cattle are fairly resistant; however, peracute disease (sudden death) can result after exposure to large doses of anthrax.
b. Affects usually the adult cattle in good condition; they often have hemoglobinuria (blood in the urine) a couple of days before they die.
c. Most commonly presents as a peracute disease (sudden death) after ingestion or inhalation of spores; bloody discharges from the body orifices from the dead animals result in contamination of the environment with spores and these are a source of infection to other animals and people.
d. Is most commonly diagnosed in cattle on pasture in the southeastern U.S., sudden death may occur in some animals, others will often present with acute lameness, depression, and characteristic edematous and crepitant swelling in the hip and shoulder.
e. Most commonly presents as cutaneous lesions; these lesions can be difficult to detect and the disease then progresses to septicemia and sudden death.

Answer 24

c. Most commonly presents as a peracute disease (sudden death) after ingestion or inhalation of spores; bloody discharges from the body orifices from the dead animals result in contamination of the environment with spores and these are a source of infection to other animals and people.

Question 25

Agroterrorism is:

a. A specific form of bioterrorism in which the biological weapons target animal or crop agriculture to cause economic damage and instability.
b. Intentional use of microorganisms or biological toxins to cause death or disease in humans.
c. Likely to be caused by agents that cause sudden death in animals, such as Anthrax, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium hemolyticum, and Leptospira spp
d. Less harmful than bioterrorism
e. Any act that targets agriculture, crops, or animals.

Answer 25

a. A specific form of bioterrorism in which the biological weapons target animal or crop agriculture to cause economic damage and instability.

Question 26

Anthrax spores are:

a. Found naturally, in the soil
b. Easily aerosolized after they have been weaponized
c. Formed following exposure of contaminated tissue to oxygen
d. All of the above

Answer 26

d. All of the above

Question 27

You are investigating a disease outbreak in a herd of cattle: two calves died suddenly of unknown causes, and several cows aborted late in pregnancy. What is the risk of doing a field necropsy if anthrax is on your differential list?

a. The risk is contaminating the soil with anthrax spores and human exposure and infection.
b. There is very little risk. The anthrax organism is not very resistant and dies quickly when exposed to air.

Answer 27

a. The risk is contaminating the soil with anthrax spores and human exposure and infection.

Question 28

Which is the most accurate statement with regard to the CDC’s Category ABC Agents List?

a. Agents are divided into A = viruses, B = bacteria, and C = toxins; all agents on the list represents agents that have been used as a bioweapon or there is a history of development for use as a bioweapon.
b. Is for use by the human medical community and public health and is not relevant to veterinarians; only the USDA’s high consequence livestock pathogen list is relevant to veterinarians and the animal health industry.
c. Have been categorized based on the severity of disease they cause (most fatal (no treatments) to least fatal (good treatments available)).
d. Was established as a way to help prioritize preparedness efforts. For example, Category A agents receive the highest priority because they pose the highest risk to public and national security.

.e. Is a list of viruses, bacteria, and toxins, categorized based on accessibility to terrorists, and most of them are human pathogens only. However, there are a couple of agents on the list that are zoonotic so veterinarians should be aware and informed about those agents.

Answer 28

d. Was established as a way to help prioritize preparedness efforts. For example, Category A agents receive the highest priority because they pose the highest risk to public and national security.

Question 29

Agroterrorism/Bioterrorism would be suspected if anthrax is diagnosed: (choose the one that would be the most suspicious)

a. In a farmer in Texas
b. A worker at an abattoir with skin lesions
c. In many people, cattle and dogs in Washington
d. Two cattle found dead after heavy storms.
e. In both a human and a bovine found dead on pasture in South Dakota. The human had traveled recently to Africa.

Answer 29

c. In many people, cattle and dogs in Washington

Question 30

Anthrax is diagnosed by:

a. Bacterial culture and identification
b. Electron microscopy of tissue samples
c. Agar gel immunodiffusion assay
d. Virus isolation
e. Characteristic clinical signs; there is no laboratory test

Answer 30

a. Bacterial culture and identification

Question 31

How could you check an animal for anthrax before opening a carcass for necropsy?

a. Check a stained blood smear for the characteristic organisms.
b. Check a fecal sample for the characteristic organisms
c. Check a fecal sample in an ELISA test for antigens
d. Check a sample of heart blood in an ELISA test for antibodies
e. Check a skin scraping in an ELISA test for antigens

Answer 31

a. Check a stained blood smear for the characteristic organisms.

Question 32

True or False: Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) has been reported in the U.S and therefore it is not necessary to report suspected outbreaks to the appropriate agency.

Answer 32

False: HS is considered an FAD even though it has been reported to have occurred in American bison and cattle in the past

Question 33

A call to your Federal or State animal health official is warranted (and encouraged) when you observe something suspect of a foreign animal disease. Which of the following would NOT be suspect and NOT warrant a call to an animal health official?

a. 75% mortality in lambs from a flock of 1000 sheep.
b. Sudden death in 30% of the animals in a small herd of water buffalo.
c. Vesicles or erosions of the mouth and feet in one cow.
d. Severe, malodorous, blood-tinged diarrhea in several two-week old calves in a dairy with 50 cows.

Answer 33

d. Severe, malodorous, blood-tinged diarrhea in several two-week old calves in a dairy with 50 cows.

Question 34

True or False: Rinderpest is an FAD that has never occurred in the U.S., but it is a big problem in Africa and Europe.

Answer 34

False: Rinderpest was declared eradicated from the world in May 2011. It is no longer a problem in Africa or Europe.

Question 35

Which of the following diseases is not considered to be a foreign animal disease?

a. Bovine virus diarrhea
b. Malignant catarrhal fever (alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-associated)
c. Hemorrhagic septicemia
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 35

a. Bovine virus diarrhea

Question 36

Which disease(s) below are wildlife not susceptible to?

a. Hemorrhagic Septicemia
b. Malignant Catarrhal Fever
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. Rabies
e. Wildlife are susceptible to all the listed diseases.

Answer 36

e. Wildlife are susceptible to all the listed diseases.

Question 37

Who provides the first line of defense against the introduction of FADs?

a. Diagnostic laboratories
b. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) agency of the USDA
c. The private practitioner
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 37

c. The private practitioner

Question 38

Zookeepers at a small local zoo noticed this morning that several animals in the bison pen and the llama pen are sluggish and lethargic. In addition, a deer in a pen near the zoo fence was found dead. All of the other animals, including those in the petting zoo, appear to be unaffected. A school group is scheduled for a tour and is waiting at the gate for the zoo to open. You are the veterinarian in charge of the zoo. What should you do?

a. Inform the visitors that the zoo is closed due to illness. You do not want to risk a zoonotic disease spreading to the visitors.
b. Nothing. This disease is unlikely to be spread by zoo visitors.
c. Let the school group into the zoo, but limit the tour to pens with unaffected animals.
d. Let the school group into the zoo, but do not let them visit the petting zoo.
e. Quarantine the visitors until you contact the state or federal veterinarian.

Answer 38

a. Inform the visitors that the zoo is closed due to illness. You do not want to risk a zoonotic disease spreading to the visitors.

Question 39

Who should be notified when an FAD is suspected?

a. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
b. The Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
c. State animal health official (SAHO) or your USDA-APHIS Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC)
d. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
e. None of the above

Answer 39

c. State animal health official (SAHO) or your USDA-APHIS Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC)

Question 40

Foreign animal diseases can be ruled out in disease outbreaks affecting only wild animals because:

a. Wild animals are unlikely to come into contact with carriers of foreign animal diseases
b. Domestic animals are generally more susceptible to foreign animal diseases
c. Any foreign animal disease that affects wild animals will spread into domestic herds long before sick wild animals are noticed
d. Both A and C are true
e. None of the above. Foreign animal diseases must be considered when an outbreak affects only wild animals

Answer 40

e. None of the above. Foreign animal diseases must be considered when an outbreak affects only wild animals