Week 2 Objectives Flashcards
Why was veterinary accreditation established?
so that private practitioners could assist federal veterinarians in controlling animal diseases
What is the mission of the veterinary accreditation program?
To provide veterinary practitioners with the information they need to ensure the health of the Nations’ livestock and animal population and to protect the public health and well-being
What organization is in charge of the veterinary accreditation program?
USDA-APHIS
What activities are restricted to an accredited veterinarian?
Prepare certificates of Veterinary Inspection or ‘health papers’ so animals can legally move to various events and across state or international borders
Perform testing, including blood draws, for USDA program disease, such as brucellosis, TB, and EIA
Vaccinate for USDA Program Diseases
Collect and ship USDA program disease samples to the appropriate laboratory for testing with complete and accurate paperwork
What species do category 1 accredited veterinarians work with?
dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, reptiles, and non-human priates
What species do category 2 accredited veterinarians work with?
all of them
What are some responsibilities of category 2 accredited veterinarians?
Estimating age of livestock using the dental formula
Applying USDA-recognized identification for the USDA animal identification system
Developing a herd or flock health plan consistent with legal requirement
What are the ethical responsibilities of an accredited veterinarian and what are the consequences for breaking them?
To conscientiously, with dignity and in keeping with the principle of veterinary medical ethics
An individual who transgresses the regulations of the veterinary accreditation for matters of self-interest is in violation of a direct responsibility to the profession, has acted unethically and perhaps illegally, and may become subject of disciplinary action
What are the steps/requirements for becoming an accredited veterinarian?
- Initial Accreditation Training
- Orientation
- Graduate Veterinarian
- Licensed or Legally able to practice
- Take State specific training (if required)
- Submit an application
- Wait for notification from the AD for approval
What are the portals of entry by which foreign animal diseases can enter the US?
Through animals, vectors or fomites, animal products, or bioterrorism
How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through animals?
Strict travel regulations and health exams before travel
Imported biologics must be screened to ensure freedom from pathogens
How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through vectors or fomites?
Removal of vectors via inspection
How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through animal products?
Inspection of animal products before exportation and inspection before importation
Imported biologics need to be screened
How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US by bioterrorism?
increased security detail
What is an infectious disease?
a disease caused by a pathogen living and multiplying in a host
What is a contagious disease?
a disease transmissible from one human or animal to another via direct air-borne means
What is a communicable disease?
a disease transmitted from an infected human or animal to another by various routes
What is an infestation?
a parasite living on the hair, fur, feathers, or skin of the host
What is a biological vector?
an organism that supports the replication of the pathogen - the disease agent and its biological vector typically have a long-standing ecological relationship
What is a mechanical vector?
an organism that carries the pathogen, but the pathogen is not altered while on the vector
What is a fomite?
An inanimate object that can transmit a pathogen once it becomes ‘infected’
What is a reservoir host?
an aninal or group of animals that continuously contains the disease agent and can spread it to other groups
Who first reported Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED)?
2,400 sow breed to wean farm in central Iowa
What did the farm that reported PED think it was?
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
Who made the presumptive diagnosis for the PED outbreak?
ISU-VDL in April 2013
Who made the confirmatory diagnosis of PED in 2003?
Ames, IA NVSL Mid-May 2013
Where and when was PED first described as a disease of pigs?
In the UK in 1971
What type of virus causes PED?
a RNA virus in the Coronavirdae family
What is the route if transmission of PED?
fecal-oral
What are the clinical signs in neonates of PED?
diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration
What are the clinical signs of PED in adults?
‘milder clinical signs’, they recover in 7-10 days
Is PED an OIE-listed disease and reportable to the OIE?
no
What is the most likely origin of the PED virus that entered the United States?
flexible intermediate bulk containers containing pig feed
How did the swine industry respond to the PED outbreak in 2013?
They worked to disseminate information about the virus, its transmission, and important biosecurity practices to prevent its introduction and spread
What were the USDA’s instructions in the federal order they released as a result of the PED outbreak?
Producers, veterinarians, and diagnostic laboratories were required to report all cases of novel swine enteric coronavirus diseases to USDA or state health officials
Herds and remises confirmed to be affected with these viruses were required to work with a veterinarian to develop and implement a reasonable herd/premises management plan to address the detected virus and prevent its spread
What impact did the PED virus have on the swine industry?
Nearly eight million piglets were lost and pork prices increased to a record high
What positive outcomes resulted from the PED outbreak?
Since the outbreak, the US National Pork Board was funded and launched the US Swine Health Information Center who’s goal is to protect and enhance health of US swine herds
Name the etiologic agent, clinical signs, routes of transmission, and species affected of African Swine Fever (ASF).
Etiologic agent: double stranded DNA of Asfarviridae family
Clinical signs: Hemorrhagic disease, non-specific clinical signs of fever, multifocal cyanosis of skin, budding, and anorexia
Route(s) of Transmission: Direct contact, fomites, tick vectors
Species affected: pigs and wild boar
Name the etiologic agent, clinical signs, routes of transmission, and species affected of Classical Swine Fever (CSF).
Etiologic agent: Pestivirus
Clinical signs: Hemorrhagic disease, non-specific clinical signs of fever, multifocal cyanosis of skin, budding, and anorexia
Route(s) of Transmission: Ingestion, inhalation, semen/genital infection, wound contamination
Species affected: Pigs and wild boar
What was the likely route of entry of the virus into the country mentioned in the incursion for ASF? CSF?
ASF: Contaminated garbage (swill) from international ships
CSF: Likely contaminated pig meat in food discarded by people
What country(ies) did the virus likely come from based on analysis and tracing for ASF? CSF?
ASF: Eastern or Southern Africa
CSF: Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain
What other countries were impacted by the incursion described of ASF? CSF?
ASF: Russia, Baltic States and Poland, Moldova, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Belgium, and China
CSF: none
What was the impact of the disease economically and on animal health of ASF? CSF?
ASF: High morbidity and mortality, impact of culling and movement restrictions, mass expenses due to reduction in population
CSF: all infected pigs were killed and the premises had to be cleaned and disinfected (which is all very expensive)
What was the country’s response to the incursion of ASF? CSF?
Stamping out for both
Is there a vaccine for ASF? CSF?
ASF: No
CSF: Yes
What prevention and surveillance plans does the US have in place to prevent and/or rapidly detect introcution of a CSF or ASF outbreak?
Increased use of detector dog teams at ports of entry, restrictions on imports from affected countries, and collaboration with states, the swine industry, and producers regarding biosecurity practices, preparedness, and response efforts
How stable is CSF?
It is moderately fragile - can be inactivated by UV light and drying, survives 3 months in refrigerated meat, survives cured/smoked meats 17-180 days
How stable is ASF?
Highly resistant to environmental conditions - survives in blood stored at 4C for 1.5 years, 11 days in feces, 1 month in contaminated pens, 150 days in boned meat stored at 39F, several years in frozen carcasses
What post-mortem lesions are found in a pig infected with CSF?
Widespread hemorrhage, lymph node hemorrhage, lymphoid atrophy, edema, splenic infarcts, tonsillitis with necrosis, pulmonary congestions and hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
What post-mortem lesions are found in a pig infected with ASF?
Widespread hemorrhages, edema, lymphoid hemorrhage and edema, splenomegaly, meningoencephalitis, glomerulonephritis
If you have a pig with a history of sudden death, what are your top differentials?
Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis
If you have a pig with a history of a fever, what are your top differentials?
Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis, Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease, Swine Influenza, African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever
If you have a pig with a history of skin discoloration or lesions, what are your top differentials?
Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis, Porcine dermaititis and Nephropathy Syndrome, Classical Swine Fever, African Swine Fever
If you have a pig with a history penumonia/cough/dyspnea, what are your top differentials?
Pleuropneumonia, Salmonellosis, Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Swine Influenza
What key biosecurity practices are important to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs during your visit to a swine farm?
Park your vehicle away from any livestock and close the windows
Designate clean and dirty areas of your vehicle
Put on protective clothing when you get out of the truck
Take all supplies needed with you to minimize travel
Observe healthy animals first, then proceed to sick animals
What key biosecurity practices are important to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs after your visit to a swine farm?
Discard disposable materials into a bag
Put all dirty washable equipment into a bucket if disinfectant
Change gloves, remove protective eyewear and mask
Place non-disposable items in the dirty compartment of your vehicle
Remove coveralls, boots, and gloves and place in a bag to be disinfected or discarded
Wash hands well
Leave the contaminated disposables with the owner
What key biosecurity practices are important for the client and farm employees to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs in swine?
Limit the number of people in and out Use clean coveralls, boots, and gloves Control wild birds, animals, and rodents Protect feed sources from contamination Park vehicles away from barns and livestock areas
What are the most likely ways CSF or ASF could be introduced into the US?
Inadequate biosecurity, feeding, imported cured and frozen meats
What key signals would alert you to a potential serous disease threat?
Widespread ecchymotic or petechial hemorrhages
Acute illness that is widespread in a group
Garbage feeding
Hemorrhagic lymph nodes at necropsy
Multiple splenic infarcts seen on necropsy
High morbidity or mortality within an infected herd
What are the validated samples for the CSF or ASF surveillance program?
tonsils, whole blood, oral swabs
What validated tests are done for the CSF or ASF surveillance program?
PCR
What organizations work together in the CSF or ASF surveillance program?
APHIS and NAHLN laboratories
