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Case Studies IV > Week 2 Objectives > Flashcards

Week 2 Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Why was veterinary accreditation established?

A

so that private practitioners could assist federal veterinarians in controlling animal diseases

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2
Q

What is the mission of the veterinary accreditation program?

A

To provide veterinary practitioners with the information they need to ensure the health of the Nations’ livestock and animal population and to protect the public health and well-being

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3
Q

What organization is in charge of the veterinary accreditation program?

A

USDA-APHIS

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4
Q

What activities are restricted to an accredited veterinarian?

A

Prepare certificates of Veterinary Inspection or ‘health papers’ so animals can legally move to various events and across state or international borders
Perform testing, including blood draws, for USDA program disease, such as brucellosis, TB, and EIA
Vaccinate for USDA Program Diseases
Collect and ship USDA program disease samples to the appropriate laboratory for testing with complete and accurate paperwork

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5
Q

What species do category 1 accredited veterinarians work with?

A

dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, reptiles, and non-human priates

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6
Q

What species do category 2 accredited veterinarians work with?

A

all of them

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7
Q

What are some responsibilities of category 2 accredited veterinarians?

A

Estimating age of livestock using the dental formula
Applying USDA-recognized identification for the USDA animal identification system
Developing a herd or flock health plan consistent with legal requirement

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8
Q

What are the ethical responsibilities of an accredited veterinarian and what are the consequences for breaking them?

A

To conscientiously, with dignity and in keeping with the principle of veterinary medical ethics
An individual who transgresses the regulations of the veterinary accreditation for matters of self-interest is in violation of a direct responsibility to the profession, has acted unethically and perhaps illegally, and may become subject of disciplinary action

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9
Q

What are the steps/requirements for becoming an accredited veterinarian?

A
  1. Initial Accreditation Training
  2. Orientation
  3. Graduate Veterinarian
  4. Licensed or Legally able to practice
  5. Take State specific training (if required)
  6. Submit an application
  7. Wait for notification from the AD for approval
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10
Q

What are the portals of entry by which foreign animal diseases can enter the US?

A

Through animals, vectors or fomites, animal products, or bioterrorism

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11
Q

How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through animals?

A

Strict travel regulations and health exams before travel

Imported biologics must be screened to ensure freedom from pathogens

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12
Q

How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through vectors or fomites?

A

Removal of vectors via inspection

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13
Q

How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US through animal products?

A

Inspection of animal products before exportation and inspection before importation
Imported biologics need to be screened

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14
Q

How do you reduce the risk of a FAD entering the US by bioterrorism?

A

increased security detail

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15
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

a disease caused by a pathogen living and multiplying in a host

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16
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

a disease transmissible from one human or animal to another via direct air-borne means

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17
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease transmitted from an infected human or animal to another by various routes

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18
Q

What is an infestation?

A

a parasite living on the hair, fur, feathers, or skin of the host

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19
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

an organism that supports the replication of the pathogen - the disease agent and its biological vector typically have a long-standing ecological relationship

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20
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

an organism that carries the pathogen, but the pathogen is not altered while on the vector

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21
Q

What is a fomite?

A

An inanimate object that can transmit a pathogen once it becomes ‘infected’

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22
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

an aninal or group of animals that continuously contains the disease agent and can spread it to other groups

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23
Q

Who first reported Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED)?

A

2,400 sow breed to wean farm in central Iowa

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24
Q

What did the farm that reported PED think it was?

A

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

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25
Q

Who made the presumptive diagnosis for the PED outbreak?

A

ISU-VDL in April 2013

26
Q

Who made the confirmatory diagnosis of PED in 2003?

A

Ames, IA NVSL Mid-May 2013

27
Q

Where and when was PED first described as a disease of pigs?

A

In the UK in 1971

28
Q

What type of virus causes PED?

A

a RNA virus in the Coronavirdae family

29
Q

What is the route if transmission of PED?

A

fecal-oral

30
Q

What are the clinical signs in neonates of PED?

A

diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of PED in adults?

A

‘milder clinical signs’, they recover in 7-10 days

32
Q

Is PED an OIE-listed disease and reportable to the OIE?

A

no

33
Q

What is the most likely origin of the PED virus that entered the United States?

A

flexible intermediate bulk containers containing pig feed

34
Q

How did the swine industry respond to the PED outbreak in 2013?

A

They worked to disseminate information about the virus, its transmission, and important biosecurity practices to prevent its introduction and spread

35
Q

What were the USDA’s instructions in the federal order they released as a result of the PED outbreak?

A

Producers, veterinarians, and diagnostic laboratories were required to report all cases of novel swine enteric coronavirus diseases to USDA or state health officials
Herds and remises confirmed to be affected with these viruses were required to work with a veterinarian to develop and implement a reasonable herd/premises management plan to address the detected virus and prevent its spread

36
Q

What impact did the PED virus have on the swine industry?

A

Nearly eight million piglets were lost and pork prices increased to a record high

37
Q

What positive outcomes resulted from the PED outbreak?

A

Since the outbreak, the US National Pork Board was funded and launched the US Swine Health Information Center who’s goal is to protect and enhance health of US swine herds

38
Q

Name the etiologic agent, clinical signs, routes of transmission, and species affected of African Swine Fever (ASF).

A

Etiologic agent: double stranded DNA of Asfarviridae family
Clinical signs: Hemorrhagic disease, non-specific clinical signs of fever, multifocal cyanosis of skin, budding, and anorexia
Route(s) of Transmission: Direct contact, fomites, tick vectors
Species affected: pigs and wild boar

39
Q

Name the etiologic agent, clinical signs, routes of transmission, and species affected of Classical Swine Fever (CSF).

A

Etiologic agent: Pestivirus
Clinical signs: Hemorrhagic disease, non-specific clinical signs of fever, multifocal cyanosis of skin, budding, and anorexia
Route(s) of Transmission: Ingestion, inhalation, semen/genital infection, wound contamination
Species affected: Pigs and wild boar

40
Q

What was the likely route of entry of the virus into the country mentioned in the incursion for ASF? CSF?

A

ASF: Contaminated garbage (swill) from international ships
CSF: Likely contaminated pig meat in food discarded by people

41
Q

What country(ies) did the virus likely come from based on analysis and tracing for ASF? CSF?

A

ASF: Eastern or Southern Africa
CSF: Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain

42
Q

What other countries were impacted by the incursion described of ASF? CSF?

A

ASF: Russia, Baltic States and Poland, Moldova, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Belgium, and China
CSF: none

43
Q

What was the impact of the disease economically and on animal health of ASF? CSF?

A

ASF: High morbidity and mortality, impact of culling and movement restrictions, mass expenses due to reduction in population
CSF: all infected pigs were killed and the premises had to be cleaned and disinfected (which is all very expensive)

44
Q

What was the country’s response to the incursion of ASF? CSF?

A

Stamping out for both

45
Q

Is there a vaccine for ASF? CSF?

A

ASF: No
CSF: Yes

46
Q

What prevention and surveillance plans does the US have in place to prevent and/or rapidly detect introcution of a CSF or ASF outbreak?

A

Increased use of detector dog teams at ports of entry, restrictions on imports from affected countries, and collaboration with states, the swine industry, and producers regarding biosecurity practices, preparedness, and response efforts

47
Q

How stable is CSF?

A

It is moderately fragile - can be inactivated by UV light and drying, survives 3 months in refrigerated meat, survives cured/smoked meats 17-180 days

48
Q

How stable is ASF?

A

Highly resistant to environmental conditions - survives in blood stored at 4C for 1.5 years, 11 days in feces, 1 month in contaminated pens, 150 days in boned meat stored at 39F, several years in frozen carcasses

49
Q

What post-mortem lesions are found in a pig infected with CSF?

A

Widespread hemorrhage, lymph node hemorrhage, lymphoid atrophy, edema, splenic infarcts, tonsillitis with necrosis, pulmonary congestions and hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis

50
Q

What post-mortem lesions are found in a pig infected with ASF?

A

Widespread hemorrhages, edema, lymphoid hemorrhage and edema, splenomegaly, meningoencephalitis, glomerulonephritis

51
Q

If you have a pig with a history of sudden death, what are your top differentials?

A

Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis

52
Q

If you have a pig with a history of a fever, what are your top differentials?

A

Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis, Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease, Swine Influenza, African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever

53
Q

If you have a pig with a history of skin discoloration or lesions, what are your top differentials?

A

Pleuropneumonia, Erysipelas, Salmonellosis, Porcine dermaititis and Nephropathy Syndrome, Classical Swine Fever, African Swine Fever

54
Q

If you have a pig with a history penumonia/cough/dyspnea, what are your top differentials?

A

Pleuropneumonia, Salmonellosis, Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Swine Influenza

55
Q

What key biosecurity practices are important to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs during your visit to a swine farm?

A

Park your vehicle away from any livestock and close the windows
Designate clean and dirty areas of your vehicle
Put on protective clothing when you get out of the truck
Take all supplies needed with you to minimize travel
Observe healthy animals first, then proceed to sick animals

56
Q

What key biosecurity practices are important to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs after your visit to a swine farm?

A

Discard disposable materials into a bag
Put all dirty washable equipment into a bucket if disinfectant
Change gloves, remove protective eyewear and mask
Place non-disposable items in the dirty compartment of your vehicle
Remove coveralls, boots, and gloves and place in a bag to be disinfected or discarded
Wash hands well
Leave the contaminated disposables with the owner

57
Q

What key biosecurity practices are important for the client and farm employees to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and FADs in swine?

A 
Limit the number of people in and out
Use clean coveralls, boots, and gloves
Control wild birds, animals, and rodents
Protect feed sources from contamination
Park vehicles away from barns and livestock areas
58
Q

What are the most likely ways CSF or ASF could be introduced into the US?

A

Inadequate biosecurity, feeding, imported cured and frozen meats

59
Q

What key signals would alert you to a potential serous disease threat?

A

Widespread ecchymotic or petechial hemorrhages
Acute illness that is widespread in a group
Garbage feeding
Hemorrhagic lymph nodes at necropsy
Multiple splenic infarcts seen on necropsy
High morbidity or mortality within an infected herd

60
Q

What are the validated samples for the CSF or ASF surveillance program?

A

tonsils, whole blood, oral swabs

61
Q

What validated tests are done for the CSF or ASF surveillance program?

A

PCR

62
Q

What organizations work together in the CSF or ASF surveillance program?

A

APHIS and NAHLN laboratories

Case Studies IV (10 decks)

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