Week 1 Objectives Flashcards
What is the veterinarian’s responsibility to human health as stated in the veterinarian’s oath and how can they fulfill that responsibility?
Protection of animal health and welfare Relief of animal suffering Conservation of livestock resources and the environment Protection of public health Advancement of medical knowledge
Define transboundary animal disease.
It is a term that encompasses EAD and FAD and is preferred by the United Nations since ‘nothing is per se exotic or foreign in the global theatre’
What is an exotic animal disease?
A disease that is not currently present in a country/region that could have a significant impact
What does epizootic mean?
an animal disease outbreak
What is a zoonotic disease?
a disease that affects and can be transmitted between both animals and humans
What are the 3 main functions of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)?
Inform governments of the occurrence and course of epizootics that could endanger animal or human health
Maintains a list of the most important animal diseases and distributes information about the presence or absence of these diseases in each country
Publishes the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Aquatic Animal Health Code
What factors can impact disease emergence and reemergence?
increasing human population, industrial livestock production, increased backyard animal production, intensive aquaculture, environmental degradation, climate change, interspecies pathogen, and global trade/illegal movement of animals
How does increasing human population contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
More people crowded together without adequate infrastructure for hygiene and disease control can result in disease emergence
Ex: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
How does industrial livestock production contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Large numbers of susceptible animals in one place allow opportunities for viruses to rapidly spread and cause substantial disease consequences
ex: Influenza
How does increased backyard animal production contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Small producers lack knowledge and availability to veterinary care and diagnostic testing
EX: H5N1 influenza in SE Asia
How does intensive aquaculture contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
High fish stocking densities can result in severe consequences from infectious diseases
EX: Infectious salmon anemia, sea lice, white spot disease of shrimp
How does environmental degradation contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Depletion of water source, erosion, and natural habitats
EX: Infectious salmon anemia
How does climate change contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Changes in temperatures can result in certain vectors to live in environments they could not previously survive in; this can result in emergence of disease carried by the vectors in areas that previously did not have that disease
EX: Blue tongue, Rift Valley Fever
How do interspecies pathogens contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
A pathogen from one species infects another and if it adapts then a new disease emerges.
EX: Nipah
Asymptomatic camels are a likely reservoir which can infect humans and a new disease emerges in people. Exact transmission is unknown.
EX: MERS
How does global trade/illegal movement of animals contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Diseases in one part of the world can be carried by animals, insects, people, and fomites via travel and movement to places the pathogen has never been seen before. If the environment/vectors/hosts are right then a new disease emerges in the area
Ex: Plague, Rinderpest
What is the primary organization responsible for international animal health?
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
What is the primary organization responsible for US animal health?
USDA-APHIS (United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)
What organizations are responsible for border patrol in the United States?
the CDC, USDA, and US fish and wildlife service
What species is the CDC responsible for regulating?
rats, cats, dogs, endangered species, reptiles, and turtles
What species is the USDA responsible for regulating?
dogs, animal products, livestock, poultry, vaccines (not a species), fish
What species is the US fish and wildlife service responsible for regulation?
fish, endangered species, reptiles, turles, and exotics
What is SAHO?
The state animal health official - they are an employee of the state and often located within the State’s department of Agriculture and is responsible for licensing pretty much anything animal related, and tracking and checking all certificates of veterinary inspection to ensure that animals are properly moving in and out of the state
What is AVIC?
Area-Veterinarian-In-Charge
A veterinarian who is a USDA-APHIS-VS Federal employee responsible for the animal disease surveillance, disease eradication programs, veterinary accreditation, animal health monitoring, and endorsement of health certificates in their area
What is the NVSL and where are they located?
National Veterinary Services Laboratories- Ames and Plum Island
What is the role of the Ames NVSL?
to diagnose foreign animal disease affecting poultry, swine equids and TSEs
What is the role of the Plum Island NVSL?
Diagnose vesicular infections and other highly contagious exotic diseases
What is the NAHLN and what is their role in situations of high lab submissions (like an FAD outbreak)?
National Animal Health Laboratory Network
The NVSL may request them to aid in testing to help determine things like:
Testing suspect herds
Determining extent of an outbreak
Conduct follow-up surveillance to determine when a state or area is disease free
Routine/target surveillance testing
What is the role of international NAHLNs?
the US may request assistance from an international OIE reference laboratory that has expertise in a particular disease
What are the steps involved in handling a FAD incursion?
recognition, report, investigation, response, and recovery
Who is involved in the recognition stage of a FAD incursion and why is it important for prompt recognition?
The practitioner
Prompt recognition leads to fewer losses as the morbidity or mortality rate seen is unexpectedly high, or because the clinical signs are unusual
Who is involved in the report stage of a FAD incursion?
Either State Animal Health Officials (SAHO) or the APHIS Assistant Director (AD)
Who is involved in the investigation of a FAD incursion?
FADD, USDA-APHIS, or SAHO/AD
What is the role of the FADD in the investigation of a FAD incursion?
They are assigned to cases and conduct investigation with sample collection, take a history, and establish biosecurity for the site
When do USDA-APHIS become involved in the investigation of a FAD incursion?
They handle foreign animal disease outbreaks once identified at international/national level
What is the role of SAHO/AD in the investigation of a FAD incursion?
They assist FADD/are their handlers
Who is involved in the response phase of a FAD incursion?
EMRS (Emergency Management Response system), OIE, and NVSL
Who does EMRS work with in the response phase in a FAD incursion?
they coordinate with ADs and SAHOs with FADDs
Who communicates with OIE in the response phase in the case of a FAD incursion?
USDA-APHIS if confirmed
What does NVSL do in the response phase of a FAD incursion?
it conducts testing and NAHLN system can be activated
Who is involved in the recovery phase of a FAD incursion?
OIE, USDA-APHIS, and NAHLN
What does USDA-APHIS do in the recovery phase of a FAD incursion?
Prompt payment for euthanized livestock and destroyed materials
Lifting of quarantines and movement controls
Renegotiation of international export products
Federal government and industry reassurances and reinforcement of consumer expectations
List several activities a veterinarian may be asked to do during an animal health emergency response.
Quarantines and movement restrictions, epidemiologic investigations, surveillance, public education, treatment, vaccination, stamping out, disinfection, carcass disposal, vector controls
What is the etiology of foot and mouth disease?
viral disease of cloven-hoofed species
What are the routes of transmission of foot and mouth disease?
direct/indirect contact
What clinical signs are associated with foot and mouth disease?
Vesicles and erosions of the mouth, feet, and other sites, fever, inappetance, profuse salivation, weight loss, high mortality in young animals
What species are affected by foot and mouth disease?
cloven hoofed species (pigs cattle, goats, sheep, and deer)
What are the risks of entry of FMD to countries free of the disease?
export/import of animals, feeding pig swill, movement of people, agricultural equipment and machinery
How was FMD reintroduced into the UK?
via the feeding of pig swill
How was FMD reintroduced into Uruguay?
the virus is assumed to have spread from Argentina to Uruguay via fomites or people
Why is it challenging to control FMD?
Because the virus can be shed before the onset of clinical signs
What are the consequences the stamping out method of the FMD response?
Have to track back infection then euthanize all animals in contact/at risk
Carcass disposal problems
feed shortages
Why did Uruguay chose vaccinating over the stamping out method?
resistance from farmers as FMD spread lead to vaccine use
What was the vaccination protocol for the FMD outbreak in Uruguay?
Cattle were vaccinated once by the farmers, and the re-vaccinated a month later
Sheep and pigs were not vaccinated
What are the challenges of a plan to use vaccination?
Vaccination formulation for FMD can be difficult, you need a lot of vaccines and if the disease is not endemic then it is unlikely enough of the vaccine is available, the virus could be circulating in the country but be masked by the vaccine
What diseases can cause vesicular lesions in swine?
Foot and Mouth Disease, Vesicular Stomatitis, Swine Vesicular Disease, Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, Senecavirus A
What is the etiology, geographic distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment/control measures, and risk to public health of Foot and Mouth Disease?
Etiology: Aphthovirus, Picornaviridae
Geographic Distribution: Endemic in Asia, Africa, Middle East, parts of South America
Transmission: direct contact, fomites, aerosols, ingestion
Clinical signs: Severe hoof lesions, hoof sloughing, snout vesicles, less severe oral lesions, amplifying hosts
Treatment/control measures: Destroy litter and susceptible animal products, there are vaccines available
Risk to public health: Not considered a public health concern, human infection is rare
What is the etiology, geographic distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment/control measures, and risk to public health of Vesicular Stomatitis?
Etiology: Vesiculovirus, Rhabdoviridae
Geographic distribution: North and Central America, Northern South America
Transmission: Insect vectors, contact, aerosol in humans
Clinical signs: Vesicles in oral cavity, mammary glands, coronary bands and interdigital space
Treatment/control measures: Control insects, no movement of animals from farm for 30 days, vaccines available
Risk to Public health: Flu-like signs, headaches, rare oral blisters
What is the etiology, geographic distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment/control measures, and risk to public health of Swine Vesicular Disease?
Etiology: Enterovirus, Picornaviridae
Geographic Distribution: Many European Countries
Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated meat, contact with animals, feces
Clinical signs: lameness, salivation, neurological signs, mores severe in young
Treatment/control measures: Quarantine infected farms, cull all infected pigs, disinfect fomites
Risk to Public health: none
What is the etiology, geographic distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment/control measures, and risk to public health of Vesicular Exanthema of swine?
Etiology: Vesivirus, Calciciviridae
Geographic Distribution: Eradicated
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated pork, uncooked garbage
Clinical signs: deeper lesions with formation of granulation tissue on the feet
Treatment/control: Eradicated
Public health risk: none
What is the etiology, geographic distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment/control measures, and risk to public health of Senecavirus A?
Etiology: Senecavirus, Picronaviridae
Geographical distribution: United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil
Transmission: Not well understood
Clinical signs: Erosions on snout, swollen coronary bands, sloughing on hooves and dewclaws, llameness, vesicles in and around oral cavity
Treatment/control: Methods for prevention and control are lacking; common biosecurity practices should be in place
Public Health Risk: Not considered a public health threat, no record causing symptomatic human disease
What would you do if you were called to a farm to examine sick pigs in a herd, and during your examination you saw pigs that were lame and had vesicles on their noses and feet?
call SAHO or AVIC immediately
What three things should you stick to when talking about the situation to the owner/public?
What you know, what you don’t know, and how you will find out more information
What direct costs are associated with a foot and mouth disease outbreak in the US?
Trade export bans, culling loss, sterilization or destruction of fomites in housing, vaccine production, destruction of contaminated litter/food
When do indirect costs associated with a foot and mouth disease outbreak in the US occur?
occurs when countries around the world close their doors to exports of beef, pork, mutton, dairy products, and live animals
