Week 1 Objectives Flashcards
What is the veterinarian’s responsibility to human health as stated in the veterinarian’s oath and how can they fulfill that responsibility?
Protection of animal health and welfare Relief of animal suffering Conservation of livestock resources and the environment Protection of public health Advancement of medical knowledge
Define transboundary animal disease.
It is a term that encompasses EAD and FAD and is preferred by the United Nations since ‘nothing is per se exotic or foreign in the global theatre’
What is an exotic animal disease?
A disease that is not currently present in a country/region that could have a significant impact
What does epizootic mean?
an animal disease outbreak
What is a zoonotic disease?
a disease that affects and can be transmitted between both animals and humans
What are the 3 main functions of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)?
Inform governments of the occurrence and course of epizootics that could endanger animal or human health
Maintains a list of the most important animal diseases and distributes information about the presence or absence of these diseases in each country
Publishes the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Aquatic Animal Health Code
What factors can impact disease emergence and reemergence?
increasing human population, industrial livestock production, increased backyard animal production, intensive aquaculture, environmental degradation, climate change, interspecies pathogen, and global trade/illegal movement of animals
How does increasing human population contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
More people crowded together without adequate infrastructure for hygiene and disease control can result in disease emergence
Ex: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
How does industrial livestock production contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Large numbers of susceptible animals in one place allow opportunities for viruses to rapidly spread and cause substantial disease consequences
ex: Influenza
How does increased backyard animal production contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Small producers lack knowledge and availability to veterinary care and diagnostic testing
EX: H5N1 influenza in SE Asia
How does intensive aquaculture contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
High fish stocking densities can result in severe consequences from infectious diseases
EX: Infectious salmon anemia, sea lice, white spot disease of shrimp
How does environmental degradation contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Depletion of water source, erosion, and natural habitats
EX: Infectious salmon anemia
How does climate change contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Changes in temperatures can result in certain vectors to live in environments they could not previously survive in; this can result in emergence of disease carried by the vectors in areas that previously did not have that disease
EX: Blue tongue, Rift Valley Fever
How do interspecies pathogens contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
A pathogen from one species infects another and if it adapts then a new disease emerges.
EX: Nipah
Asymptomatic camels are a likely reservoir which can infect humans and a new disease emerges in people. Exact transmission is unknown.
EX: MERS
How does global trade/illegal movement of animals contribute to disease emergence? Provide an example of a disease that emerged this way.
Diseases in one part of the world can be carried by animals, insects, people, and fomites via travel and movement to places the pathogen has never been seen before. If the environment/vectors/hosts are right then a new disease emerges in the area
Ex: Plague, Rinderpest
What is the primary organization responsible for international animal health?
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
What is the primary organization responsible for US animal health?
USDA-APHIS (United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)
What organizations are responsible for border patrol in the United States?
the CDC, USDA, and US fish and wildlife service
What species is the CDC responsible for regulating?
rats, cats, dogs, endangered species, reptiles, and turtles
What species is the USDA responsible for regulating?
dogs, animal products, livestock, poultry, vaccines (not a species), fish
What species is the US fish and wildlife service responsible for regulation?
fish, endangered species, reptiles, turles, and exotics
What is SAHO?
The state animal health official - they are an employee of the state and often located within the State’s department of Agriculture and is responsible for licensing pretty much anything animal related, and tracking and checking all certificates of veterinary inspection to ensure that animals are properly moving in and out of the state
What is AVIC?
Area-Veterinarian-In-Charge
A veterinarian who is a USDA-APHIS-VS Federal employee responsible for the animal disease surveillance, disease eradication programs, veterinary accreditation, animal health monitoring, and endorsement of health certificates in their area
What is the NVSL and where are they located?
National Veterinary Services Laboratories- Ames and Plum Island
What is the role of the Ames NVSL?
to diagnose foreign animal disease affecting poultry, swine equids and TSEs
