Week 3 Quizzes

Question 1

The group(s) with primary responsibility for leadership in monitoring and disease surveillance in wildlife in the United States is the:

a. USDA-APHIS-VS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services)
b. USDA-NWDP (National Wildlife Disease Program)
c. USDA-NAHSS (National Animal Health Surveillance System)
d. State fish and wildlife management agency
e. It is equally shared by all of these agencies

Answer 1

b. USDA-NWDP (National Wildlife Disease Program)

Question 2

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disease of cattle that is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated tissues from an infected cow.

Would BSE be a disease of concern for transmission to cattle at the wildlife-domestic animal interface?

a. Yes
b. No

Answer 2

b. no

Question 3

Disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is a major concern. Which of these routes of disease transmission occur at the wildlife-domestic animal interface?

a. Direct transmission
b. Indirect transmission
c. Aerosol transmission
d. Vertical transmission
e. A and B
f. A, B, and C
g. All of the above

Answer 3

f. A, B, and C

Question 4

Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and deer. This disease is not present in the United States; however, if the disease did enter the United States, would transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface be an issue?

a. Yes
b. No

Answer 4

a. Yes

Question 5

Population management is a strategy for controlling disease transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface. This is one of the strategies being used in the bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts in Michigan. Which of the following is an example of population management?

a. Dropping bait containing vaccine virus
b. Recruiting hunters to kill deer
c. Limiting the number of cattle grazing in the pastures
d. Feeding and baiting native wildlife

Answer 5

b. Recruiting hunters to kill deer

Question 6

True or False: One of the unexpected outcomes of modern production confinement systems for domestic animals has been an increase in diseases resulting from transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface.

Answer 6

False - Modern production confinement systems have decreased the contact and transmission of diseases at the wildlife-domestic animal interface.

Question 7

Consequences of disease transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface include:

a. Economic losses
b. Loss of biodiversity
c. Emergence of a new disease agent
d. Risks to human disease and health
e. A, B, and C
f. All of the above

Answer 7

f. All of the above

Question 8

True or False: The wildlife-domestic animal interface occurs only when wildlife (peridomestic or migratory) come in direct contact with any domestic animal, e.g. cattle, dogs, pigs, cats or poultry.

Answer 8

False: Direct contact is not required and actually, the most common interface for domestic animals and wildlife is shared space not direct contact.

Question 9

The three corners of the epidemiologic triad are:

a. Type of pathogen, virulence of the pathogen, and dose of the pathogen
b. Agent/pathogen factors, host factors and environmental factors
c. Age, genetics, and immune status
d. Temperature, humidity, and geography
e. Type of pathogen, species involved, and geography

Answer 9

b. Agent/pathogen factors, host factors and environmental factors

Question 10

The most effective management strategy (this doesn’t mean it is easy) for managing diseases in wildlife that may have consequences for domestic animals is:

a. Test and slaughter
b. Quarantine
c. Vaccination and vector control
d. Prevention
e. There is not one best management strategy, all of the above are necessary

Answer 10

d. Prevention

Question 11

In endemic regions, West Nile virus cycles between:

a. Birds, mosquitoes, and biting flies
b. Birds, horses, and humans
c. Mosquitoes and humans
d. Birds and mosquitoes
e. Horses and mosquitoes

Answer 11

d. Birds and mosquitoes

Question 12

True or False: Most humans that become infected with West Nile virus are asymptomatic.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

West Nile virus:

a. Was limited in its spread across the U.S. because rapid response and vector control measures were able to control it
b. Was diagnosed in the U.S. due to the keen observations and persistence of a zoo veterinarian.
c. Was easily recognized when it entered the U.S. via monitoring programs conducted by public health and animal health officials
d. Will likely be eradicated from North America within a few years

Answer 13

b. Was diagnosed in the U.S. due to the keen observations and persistence of a zoo veterinarian

Question 14

Which of the following measures is likely to limit outbreaks of West Nile virus in the United States?

a. Test and slaughter of infected herds and flocks
b. A ban on the importation of psittacine birds
c. A quarantine on the movement of horses
d. Mosquito control

Answer 14

d. Mosquito control

Question 15

Which of the following is true of West Nile virus infections in the United States?

a. Infections in commercial poultry significantly contribute to WNV infections in geographical areas where most commercial poultry are raised
b. Quarantine of horses is important to control WNV because horses contribute to the spread of the virus
c. West Nile virus cycles between mosquitoes and birds and can be transmitted by mosquitoes to mammals and reptiles
d. Since the vector is known, the disease is easy to control

Answer 15

c. West Nile virus cycles between mosquitoes and birds and can be transmitted by mosquitoes to mammals and reptiles

Question 16

How can you distinguish a hard tick (ixodid tick) from a soft tick (argasid tick)?

a. Soft ticks have a leathery body and hard ticks have a hard shield (the scutum)
b. Soft ticks are insects and have modified wings, while hard ticks are arachnids
c. Hard ticks are insects and have modified wings, while soft ticks are arachnids
d. Soft ticks are found only on invertebrates
e. Soft ticks feed only on plants

Answer 16

a. Soft ticks have a leathery body and hard ticks have a hard shield (the scutum)

Question 17

You find a large, colorful, orange and black tick on a cow. What disease(s) might it be carrying?

a. Bovine babesiosis
b. East Coast fever
c. Heartwater
d. African swine fever
e. Equine babesiosis

Answer 17

c. Heartwater

Question 18

You would expect acaricide treatment of animals to be LEAST effective in controlling:

a. Ornithodoros erraticus
b. Boophilus annulatus
c. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
d. Amblyomma variegatum
e. Boophilus microplus

Answer 18

a. Ornithodoros erraticus

Question 19

The organism causing heartwater, Ehrlichia ruminantium, causes edema or fluid accumulation in the heart, brain, lungs, plural cavity, and peritoneum because it infects:

a. Red blood cells
b. Leukocytes
c. Endothelial cells
d. Respiratory epithelial cells
e. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells

Answer 19

c. Endothelial cells

Question 20

You are examining some cattle in Florida, and you find a very large number of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (brown ear tick) in the ears of some cattle. What is your concern about this tick?

a. The tick is not found in the U.S. and it might carry the viral disease African Swine fever
b. The tick is found in the U.S. and it might be carrying bovine anaplasmosis
c. The tick is found in the U.S. and it might be carrying heartwater (E. ruminatum)
d. This tick is found in the U.S. and it might be carrying lyme disease
e. The tick is not found in the U.S. and it might be carrying East Coast fever (Theileria parva)

Answer 20

e. The tick is not found in the U.S. and it might be carrying East Coast fever (Theileria parva)

Question 21

East Coast fever is associated with which ONE of the following?

a. Infection of red blood cells and symptoms associated with anemia
b. Infection of the epithelial cells in the lungs and symptoms associated with damage to the respiratory tract
c. Infection of the endothelial cells in the brain and thorax, and symptoms associated with an outpouring of fluid from the blood vessels
d. Infection of white blood cells and symptoms associated with uncontrolled proliferation of these cells
e. Infection of platelets and symptoms associated with abnormal blood clotting

Answer 21

d. Infection of white blood cells and symptoms associated with uncontrolled proliferation of these cells

Question 22

Which of the following diseases could NOT be eradicated by controlling its tick vector(s)? Assume that all vector(s), including those on wildlife or feral hosts, can be completely eradicated.

a. East Coast fever
b. Equine babesiosis
c. Heartwater
d. African swine fever

Answer 22

d. African swine fever

Question 23

Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina is transmitted mainly by which ONE of the following ticks?

a. Ixodes and Amblyomma ticks
b. Rhipicephalus ticks (formerly Boophilus)
c. Ornithodoros erraticus
d. Amblyomma hebraeum
e. Amblyomma variegatum

Answer 23

b. Rhipicephalus ticks (formerly Boophilus)

Question 24

What is the correct term for a tick that feeds on a rabbit during its larval and nymphal stages, but feeds on a cow after it becomes an adult?

a. Two host tick
b. Bispecific tick
c. Argasid tick
d. Dermatid tick
e. Promiscuous tick

Answer 24

a. Two host tick

Question 25

Which ONE of these statements about the pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis is true? Babesia spp. which cause bovine babesiosis:

a. Infect white blood cells, which can result in swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, and leukopenia
b. Infect blood vessels, which can result in fever, chills, trembling, and shock
c. Infect platelets, which can result in wide spread blood clotting, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and shock
d. Infect red blood cells, which can result in icterus, pale mucous membranes, and hemoglobinuria
e. Infect the respiratory system, which can result in pulmonary congestion and dyspnea

Answer 25

d. Infect red blood cells, which can result in icterus, pale mucous membranes, and hemoglobinuria

Question 26

An outbreak of heartwater has been identified on a farm. Which of the following animals does not have clinical signs consistent with this disease?

a. A lamb with a fever but no other symptoms
b. A heifer that died suddenly a week ago, with no other clinical signs
c. A cow that is circling, depressed, and in respiratory distress
d. A steer that has had a fever, diarrhea, and mild coughing for a week and a half
e. None of the above

Answer 26

e. None of the above

Question 27

If ticks carrying Ehrlichia ruminantium were found in several fields in New Hampshire, the most important measure to control the outbreak would be:

a. Vaccination of susceptible animals
b. Test and slaughter of susceptible wild birds
c. Treatment of local cattle with acaricides
d. Treatment of the environment with acaricides
e. Both A and B

Answer 27

d. Treatment of the environment with acaricides

Question 28

Which of the following is a vector for heartwater?

a. Amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick
b. Amblyomma maculatum, the Gulf Coast tick
c. Amblyomma dissimile, the iguana tick
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 28

d. All of the above

Question 29

You should contact state or federal authorities if you find _______ in the United States:

a. Amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick
b. Amblyomma maculatum, the Gulf coast tick
c. Amblyomma dissimile, the Iguana tick
d. Amblyomma cajennense, the Cayenne tick
e. Any of the above

Answer 29

a. Amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick

Question 30

In the United States, cases of heartwater would be treated with:

a. Broad spectrum antibiotics
b. Fluids and supportive care
c. Antiserum
d. Slaughter
e. Both A and B

Answer 30

d. Slaughter

Question 31

If it is exposed to Ehrlichia (formerly Cowdria) ruminantium, which of the following animals is most likely to develop acute heartwater disease?

a. A two-day old calf in the United States
b. A 3 year old cow in the United States
c. A 7 year old cow in an endemic region of Africa
d. A four-day old goat kid in an endemic region of Africa
e. A two-day old lamb in the United States

Answer 31

b. A 3 year old cow in the United State

Question 32

If heartwater entered the United States, the most likely scenario would be:

a. Asymptomatic infections in most breeds of cattle
b. Chronic, lingering illness in sheep and goats, with acute cases in cattle
c. Chronic, lingering illness in most cattle, with acute cases in sheep and goats
d. High mortality in all susceptible ruminants, with a high incidence of peracute or acute disease
e. A, C, and D are equally likely

Answer 32

d. High mortality in all susceptible ruminants, with a high incidence of peracute or acute disease

Question 33

Ehrlichia ruminantium does not cause disease in:

a. Humans
b. Cattle
c. Goats
d. Sheep
e. Deer

Answer 33

a. Humans

Question 34

An animal infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium is introduced into the United States; however, this animal has been treated with acaricides and does not carry any tropical bont ticks. Could this animal start an epidemic of heartwater?

a. Yes. This disease can be spread by nasal secretions.
b. Yes. This disease can be spread by species of ticks present in the United States.
c. No. The tick that spreads this disease does not exist in the United States.
d. No. Heartwater is not an infectious disease.
e. Both A and B are true.

Answer 34

b. Yes. This disease can be spread by species of ticks present in the United States

Question 35

The vector(s) of heartwater may be spread by:

a. Cattle egrets
b. Human hosts
c. Cattle
d. Both B and C
e. All of the above

Answer 35

e. All of the above

Question 36

The best sample to submit for visualizing Ehrlichia ruminantium colonies is:

a. Liver
b. Whole blood
c. Brain
d. Lung
e. Heart

Answer 36

c. Brain

Question 37

You are on a farm call and discover a possible infestation of Amblyomma variegatum in the cattle. Which of the following should you do?

a. Warn the farmer to treat all of the susceptible animals on the farm with acaricides
b. Treat all of the species susceptible to heartwater with broad-spectrum antibiotics
c. Survey the farm for ticks of this species
d. Call the state or federal authorities immediately and follow their direction
e. Both A and C

Answer 37

d. Call the state or federal authorities immediately and follow their direction