Week 4 Homework - Respiration and pH

Question 1

In what scenario(s) will the body shift from monitoring CO2 as the primary means to control respiration rate to monitoring pO2 instead?
a. During exposure to high altitude or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
b. During stress.
c. During normal bouts of exercise.
d. During illness like a common cold or flu.
e. During childhood or development in utero.

Answer 1

During exposure to high altitude or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Question 2

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. According to the graph, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs?
a. 40 mmHg.
b. 0 mmHg.
c. 20 mmHg.
d. 80 mmHg.
e. 100 mmHg.

Answer 2

100 mmHg

Question 3

In the chloride shift associated respiratory physiology, what ion is undergoing antiport along with chloride?
a. Calcium (Ca2+).
b. Hydrogen (H+).
c. Bicarbonate (HCO3-).
d. Sodium (Na+).
e. Potassium (K+).

Answer 3

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 4

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located that monitor blood gas (CO2 and or O2) pressures in the human body?
a. Carotid arteries.
b. Medulla oblongata.
c. Aorta.
d. Carotid arteries and aorta.
e. Aorta and medulla oblongata.

Answer 4

Carotid arteries and aorta

Question 5

What percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood as bicarbonate (HCO3-)?
a. 70%.
b. 20%.
c. 30%.
d. 40%.
e. 7-10%.

Answer 5

70%

Question 6

Identify the form of acid-base disturbance using these values. pH = 7.33, pCO2 = 47, HCO3- = 26.
a. Respiratory alkalosis.
b. Metabolic alkalosis.
c. Respiratory acidosis.
d. Metabolic acidosis.

Answer 6

Respiratory acidosis

Question 7

What respiratory disease is associated loss of lysosomal membrane stability leading to damage of lung tissue due to enzyme activity and loss of elastic recoil?
a. Emphysema.
b. Tuberculosis.
c. Asthma.
d. Pneumonia.
e. Cystic fibrosis.

Answer 7

Emphysema

Question 8

At what location does carbon dioxide diffuse into the bloodstream due to the partial pressure gradients?
a. At the lungs.
b. At the tissues.

Answer 8

At the tissues

Question 9

Where does the bulk of bicarbonate production occur in the bloodstream (due to the function of carbonic anhydrase enzyme)?
a. Inside our body cells.
b. In the interstitial fluids.
c. Inside the red blood cells.
d. Inside the white blood cells.
e. In the plasma.

Answer 9

Inside the red blood cells.

Question 10

The respiratory rate can also be influenced by blood pressure. For example, if blood pressure is low respiratory rate can increase to compensate. Consider what you learned during week 1 cardiovascular and identify which form of compensation this fits under.
a. Cardiac suction assist improving blood flow returning to the heart.
b. Gravity assist to passively help blood flow returning to the heart.
c. Skeletal muscle pump assist to push blood flow back toward the heart.
d. Thoracic pump assist improving pressure gradients to push blood flow to the heart.

Answer 10

Thoracic pump assist improving pressure gradients to push blood flow to the heart

Question 11

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3-). When at the lungs, what direction does the respiratory equation proceed in?
a. Left to right (as it is written above).
b. Right to left (as it is written above).

Answer 11

Right to left (as it is written above)

Question 12

If a healthy individual increases pulmonary ventilation what happens to the levels of CO2 and H2CO3 in the blood?
a. CO2 will rise, and H2CO3 will rise.
b. CO2 will fall, and H2CO3 will fall.
c. CO2 will fall, and H2CO3 will rise.
d. CO2 will rise, and H2CO3 will fall.

Answer 12

Both will fall

Question 13

What region of the brain allows a degree of voluntary control over the rate of breathing?
a. Medulla oblongata.
b. Hypothalamus.
c. Pons.
d. Cortex

Answer 13

Cortex

Question 14

Identify the form of acid-base disturbance using these values. pH = 7.49, pCO2 = 44, HCO3- = 29.
a. Respiratory acidosis.
b. Respiratory alkalosis.
c. Metabolic alkalosis.
d. Metabolic acidosis.

Answer 14

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What value is found on the x-axis of this graph?
a. SO2 or percent saturation of hemoglobin.
b. pO2 mmHg or partial pressure of oxygen.

Answer 15

pO2 mmHg or partial pressure of oxygen

Question 16

What is the normal pressure range for CO2 in the blood (pCO2)?
a. 97-100 mmHg.
b. 35-45 mmHg.
c. 10-100 mmHg.
d. 75-100 mmHg.
e. 55-65 mmHg.

Answer 16

35-45 mmHg.

Question 17

Select the factor(s) that influence the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
a. Temperature.
b. All listed options influence the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
c. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
d. Blood pH.
e. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2).

Answer 17

All listed options

Question 18

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3-). Identify the acid.
a. H2O.
b. H+.
c. CO2.
d. HCO3-.
e. H2CO3.

Answer 18

H2CO3 (can release an H)

Question 19

The medulla oblongata helps to maintain the blood pH through a homeostatic mechanism. Identify the action of the effector within this mechanism that must be taken if CO2 levels fall.
a. The medulla measures the low CO2 levels.
b. The pCO2 levels decrease.
c. The pH of the blood is too acidic.
d. The volume of gas expelled during exhalation increases.
e. The intercostal muscles and diaphragm slow their rate and depth of contraction.

Answer 19

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm slow their rate and depth of contraction

Question 20

At what location will the chloride shift cause chloride to enter the red blood cell (erythrocyte) in exchange for another anion (which you need to know but I am not telling you what it is in this question)?
a. At the tissues.
b. At the lungs.

Answer 20

At the tissues

Question 21

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. According to the graph, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in exercising tissues?
a. 100 mmHg.
b. 15 mmHg.
c. 0 mmHg.
d. 80 mmHg.
e. 40 mmHg.

Answer 21

15 mmHg.

Question 22

Consider the normal range for body values for factors that relate to acid-base balance of the blood. Which value is NOT indicating a correct homeostatic range?
a. paO2 = 80-100 mmHg (‘a’ is for arterial).
b. HCO3- = 27-32 mEq/L.
c. SO2 = 95-100%.
d. pH = 7.35-7.45.
e. paCO2 = 35-45 mmHg (‘a’ is for arterial).

Answer 22

HCO3- = 27-32 mEq/L.

Question 23

If a healthy individual decreases pulmonary ventilation what will happen to H2CO3 and pH?
a. H2CO3 will fall and pH will rise.
b. H2CO3 will rise and pH will rise.
c. H2CO3 will fall and pH will fall.
d. H2CO3 will rise and pH will fall.

Answer 23

H2CO3 will rise and pH will fall

Question 24

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What is the normal utilization coefficient for an adult under exercising conditions?
a. 50%.
b. 25%.
c. 45%.
d. 75%.
e. 100%.

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

During hyperventilation what happens to the conditions within the bloodstream?
a. More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will fall.
b. Less CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise.
c. More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise.
d. Less CO2 will be breathed out and pH will fall.

Answer 25

More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise

Question 26

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What is the normal utilization coefficient for an adult at rest?
a. 100%.
b. 25%.
c. 75%.
d. 50%.
e. 45%.

Answer 26

25%

Question 27

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3-). Identify the component that is measured by pH.
a. H2CO3.
b. H2O.
c. CO2.
d. H+.
e. HCO3-.

Answer 27

H+

Question 28

When substance(s) can bind to hemoglobin?
a. Carbon monoxide (CO).
b. Oxygen (O2).
c. Hydrogen ions (H+).
d. All listed options can bind to hemoglobin.
e. Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Answer 28

All listed options

Question 29

What respiratory disease is associated with inflammation and bronchospasms, and has a name that translates as ‘to pant’?
a. Tuberculosis.
b. Pneumonia.
c. Emphysema.
d. Cystic fibrosis.
e. Asthma.

Answer 29

Asthma

Question 30

What happens to the levels of CO2 and pH during respiratory acidosis & why?

How is this compensated by kidneys?

Answer 30

CO2 ⬆️ pH ⬇️

Kidneys retain HC03

Question 31

What happens to levels of CO2 and pH during respiratory alkalosis?

How do kidneys compensate?

Answer 31

CO2 ⬇️ pH ⬆️

Kidneys excrete HCO3

Question 32

What happens to levels of HCO3 and pH during metabolic acidosis?

How do lungs compensate?

Answer 32

HCO3 ⬇️ pH ⬇️

Lungs hyperventilate

Question 33

What happens to levels of HCO3 and pH during metabolic alkalosis?

How do lungs compensate?

Answer 33

HCO3 ⬆️ pH ⬆️

Lungs hyperventilate

Question 34

What are normal ranges for each of the following?

pH:
paCO2:
paO2:
SO2:
HCO3-:

Answer 34

pH: 7.35-7.45
paCO2: 35-45 mm/Hg
paO2: 80-100 mm/Hg
SO2: 95%-100%
HCO3-: 22-36mEq/L

Question 35

In this type of compensation, all values are off.

Answer 35

Partial compensation

Question 36

In this type of compensation, both pH and the driving value are off.

Answer 36

Uncompensated (because the other value is NOT compensating yet)

Question 37

In this type of compensation, ONLY pH is normal and the other two values are off.

Answer 37

Fully compensated, because pH has been COMPENSATED.