Week 1 Homework - Blood vessels Flashcards
- Which form of shock is NOT an example of direct hypovolemic shock?
Burns
Which of the four hormonal reflexes regulating peripheral resistance is specifically in response to short-term stress?
a. Aldosterone.
b. Epinephrine.
c. Antidiuretic hormone.
d. Atrial natriuretic peptide.
e. All of the listed hormones.
All of the above
Which term describes a volume of blood delivered to a volume of tissue per unit time? For example, the volume of blood delivered to the frontal cortex of the brain while studying for an exam.
a. Blood perfusion rate.
b. Blood flow rate.
Blood perfusion rate (over time)
The net filtration pressure of a healthy patient is calculated as negative eight (-8). This value should correspond with which end of the capillary bed.
a. Arterial end of the capillary bed.
b. Venous end of the capillary bed
Venous
What fetal circulation feature allows blood to flow between the right and left atria?
a. Ductus arteriosus.
b. Umbilical artery.
c. Umbilical vein.
d. Ductus venosus.
e. Foramen ovale.
Foramen ovals (opening)
If blood vessel length increased (increasing cumulative friction), what would happen to blood flow rate?
decreases
Which fetal circulation feature routes blood from the mother to the fetus?
a. Ductus arteriosus.
b. Umbilical vein.
c. Ductus venosus.
d. Umbilical artery.
e. Foramen ovale.
Umbilical vein
- If HPc = 36, OPc = 26, HPif = 0, and OPif = 1, calculate the current net filtration pressure for these blood vessel values.
(HPc+OPif) - (HPif+OPc) = 11
Which component of net filtration pressure correlates to blood pressure of the capillary that we can measure?
a. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif).
b. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif).
c. Capillary osmotic pressure (OPc).
d. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc).
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CPC)
Identify the artery form that ‘conducts’ blood away from the heart.
a. Vena cava.
b. Muscular arteries.
c. Resistance arteries.
d. Elastic arteries.
e. Arterioles.
Elastic arteries
Hepatic portal circulation connects two separate capillary beds in what two body regions before blood is eventually returned to the heart via the inferior vena cava?
Digestive organs and the liver
What hormone participates in the positive feedback associated with hypertension?
Aldosterone
In the baroreflex of peripheral resistance regulation what is the inciting stimulus that initiates the reflex?
a. Low blood flow to the medulla oblongata.
b. Stress.
c. High blood pressure.
d. Low pH, high CO2 and or low O2.
e. Low blood volume and blood pressure.
High blood pressure
Average blood pressure for an adult is around 120/70 mmHg. Which value corresponds to the diastole phase of the hearts cycle?
70mmHg
As blood vessel radius increases what happens to blood flow rate?
It increases
What form of blood vessel acts as a blood reservoir and can hold up to 60 percent of blood volume?
a. Venules and veins.
b. Capillaries.
c. Muscular arteries.
d. Arteries in general.
e. Arterioles.
Venjules and veins
As blood viscosity increases what happens to blood flow rate?
It decreases
Review Poiseuille’s law and determine which factors are DIRECTLY proportional with blood flow?
Pressure and vessel radius
What form of capillary is the most common?
Continuous
Most named arteries are muscular arteries, but what is the alternate term that I want you to recognize as a key function of this group of arteries?
a. Resistance.
b. Distributing.
c. Conducting.
d. Capacitance.
Distributing
Which component of net filtration pressure is a measure of the solutes within the blood stream such as the protein albumin?
a. Capillary osmotic pressure (OPc).
b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc).
c. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif).
d. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif).
Capillary osmotic pressure (OPc)
Review Poiseuille’s law and determine which factors are INDIRECTLY proportional with blood flow?
Vessel length and viscosity
For net filtration pressure (NFP) to cause a net or overall push of fluid to leave the capillary bed should NFP be positive or negative?
Negative
. Identify the change that will increase flow in a vessel or through the exit of an open tube (imagine an IV).
a. Increasing the size of the orifice.
b. Increasing friction (due to a rough surface or increasing vessel length).
c. Decreasing the head (the difference in height from the surface of fluid in an IV bag to the outlet).
d. Changing blood flow pattern from
e. Decreasing pressure gradient
Increasing the size of the orifice
What form of capillary is ‘windowed’, meaning that they are full of pores that facilitate filtration or absorption?
a. Fenestrated.
b. Sinusoidal.
c. All capillaries are ‘windowed’ and contain these pores.
d. Continuous.
Fenestrated
Which component of net filtration pressure normally has a value of zero due to the lymphatic system draining excess fluid out of tissues?
a. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif).
b. Capillary osmotic pressure (OPc).
c. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif).
d. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc).
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif)
If you start to feel lightheaded due to insufficient venous return, what type of compensation occurs if you remember to breathe deeply and consistently?
a. Cardiac suction.
b. Thoracic pump.
c. Gravity.
d. Skeletal muscle pump.
Thoracic pump
Which of the four hormonal reflexes regulating peripheral resistance cause an outcome that aims to reduce the blood volume and blood pressure in the system?
a. Atrial natriuretic peptide.
b. Aldosterone.
c. All of the listed hormones.
d. Epinephrine.
e. Antidiuretic hormone.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
A patient suffering the negative impacts of a heart attack could likewise suffer from what form of circulatory shock.
a. Low venous return.
b. Syncope.
c. Cardiogenic shock.
d. Hypovolemic shock.
e. Neurogenic vascular shock.
Cardiogenic
Blood flow is proportional to what power of the radius.
4th
Which fetal circulation feature bypasses the liver of the fetus and routes blood directly to the inferior vena cava?
a. Ductus venosus.
b. Foramen ovale.
c. Ductus arteriosus.
d. Umbilical vein.
e. Umbilical artery.
Ductus venous
Which component associated with capillaries specifically allows blood to bypass the capillary bed to ensure blood is allocated to areas with highest need?
a. Metarterioles.
b. Thoroughfare channels.
Thoroughfare channels
Which form of capillaries have a tortuous (meaning full of twists or turns) organization that make them very leaky and slows the rate of blood flow through the vessels.
a. Continuous.
b. Fenestrated.
c. All capillaries are tortuous in this fashion.
d. Sinusoidal.
Sinusoidal
Which of the four hormonal reflexes regulating peripheral resistance will specifically increase blood volume and blood pressure BUT ALSO reduce solute concentration in the body fluids?
a. Aldosterone.
b. Antidiuretic hormone.
c. Atrial natriuretic peptide.
d. All of the listed hormones.
e. Epinephrine.
Antidiuretic hormone
What neural reflexes of peripheral resistance regulation have receptors in the same location (located in carotids and aorta)?
a. Baroreflex and medullary ischemic reflex.
b. All three reflexes (baroreflex, chemoreflex and medullary ischemic reflex) have the same receptors.
c. Medullary ischemic reflex and chemoreflex.
d. Baroreflex and chemoreflex
Baroreflex and chemo reflex
What tunic of the blood vessels is composed of simple squamous epithelium and helps regulate blood vessel diameter via secretion of appropriate chemicals?
a. Tunica externa.
b. Tunica intima.
c. Tunica media.
d. Tunica muscularis.
Tunica intima
What blood vessel form is often an origin of edema due to their porosity, and is associated with health issues such as hemorrhoids?
a. Arteries in general.
b. Arterioles.
c. Capillaries.
d. Venules and veins.
e. Muscular arteries.
Venules and veins
