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AHP 103 Emergency Care Skills in Paramedic Science > Week 3: Respiratory Conditions & Management > Flashcards

Week 3: Respiratory Conditions & Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hyperventilation

A

Fast and/or deep breathing

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2
Q

Define hypoventilation

A

Slow and/or shallow breathing

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3
Q

Define apnoea

A

Absent breathing/no breathing rate

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4
Q

Define heamoptysis

A

bleeding from respiratory tract below larynx

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5
Q

Define dyspnoea

A

Difficult or uncomfortable breathing

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6
Q

Define orthopnoea

A

Breathless when lying down, relieved by sitting or standing

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7
Q

Define PND

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea- a sensation of breathlessness that wakes the patient, often after 1-2 hours of sleep, usually relieved in the upright position

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8
Q

Define hypoxia

A

Hypoxia is the deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues and cannot maintain adequate homeostasis

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9
Q

What are causes of hypoxia?

A
  • poor oxygen delivery to tissues
  • decreased alveolar PAO2
  • diffusion impairment
  • V/Q mismatch
  • haemoglobin abnormalities
  • poor cardiac output
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10
Q

What factors can influence respiration rate?

A

-Disease, exercise, shock, sleep, smoking, age, speech/singing, emotional displays, drugs

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11
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  • audible expiratory wheeze
  • increased work of breathing
  • tachypnoea
  • dyspnoea
  • tachycardia
  • reduced SpO2
  • coughing
  • chest tightness
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12
Q

What are possible asthma triggers?

A

infections, house dust mites, pollen and spores, animals, exercise, cold air, drugs, foods, pregnancy, emotion, deep inhalation

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13
Q

What causes asthma?

A

Bronchioconstriction
- chronic inflammation of bronchi makes them narrower
- excessive suptum
- hypersensitive airways

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14
Q

How would you manage asthma?

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • nebulised salbutamol
  • prednisolone/hydrocorisone
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15
Q

What is the main stimulus to breathe for a patient with COPD?

A

Hypoxia

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16
Q

What does the term COPD cover?

A
  • Chronic asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
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17
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation and excessive mucus production in the bronchial tree

18
Q

In which illness are the alveoli not seriously effected and diffusion of gases remain relatively normal?

A

Chronic bronchitis

19
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Pathological changes in the lung, usually end of a process that has been progressing. Usually followed by chronic bronchitis

20
Q

In which illness if there a permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the alveoli?

A

Emphysema

21
Q

As emphysema decreases the surface for gas exchange, the resistance to pulmonary blood flow is what?

A

Increased

22
Q

What are some of the symptoms of emphysema?

A
  • reduced elasticity, trapping air making lungs become fibrous
  • reduction in arterial PO2, increased RBC production
  • expiration is a muscular act
  • barrel shaped chest
23
Q

What are some symptoms of the COPD worsening (acute exacerbation)?

A
  • increased dyspnoea
  • increased sputum
  • increased cough
  • increased wheeze
  • reduced retention
  • increased fatigue
  • acute confusion
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a severe COPD episode?

A
  • marked dyspnoea
  • tachypnoea
  • purse-lip breathing
  • acute confusion
  • use of accessory muscles
  • new-onset cyanosis
  • new-onset peripheral oedema
  • marked reduction in activities of daily living
25
Q

What are some causes of exacerbation of COPD?

A
  • common cold
  • flu
  • COVID
  • air pollutants
26
Q

How would you manage COPD?

A
  • early resp assessment inc SPO2 levels (aim for 88-92%)
  • ask what normal SPO2 is
  • nebulisation with salbutamol and assess response
    comfortable patient position
27
Q

What are bronchodilators?

A

Oxygen, salbutamol, ipratropium bromide

28
Q

How many minutes should you limit oxygen drive nebulisation for?

A

6 minutes

29
Q

What are time critical features of COPD?

A
  • major ABCD problems
  • extreme breathing difficulties
  • cyanosis
  • hypoxia unresponsive to oxygen
  • exhaustion
30
Q

What is a PE?

A

Pulmonary Embolism, a blood clot impairing blood supply to the lungs

31
Q

What causes a PE?

A

Usually a deep vein thrombosis travelling from the leg to lungs

32
Q

What are the symptoms of a PE?

A
  • unexplained shortness of breath
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • sinus tachycardia
  • reduced SPO2/ hypoxia
  • haemoptysis
  • signs of DVT
33
Q

What are specific questions you should ask for a PE?

A
  • recent surgery
  • recent myocardial infection
  • family Hx of DVT/PE
  • pregnancy
  • immobilisation
34
Q

How do you manage a PE?

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • ECG 12 lead
  • SPO2
  • IV access
  • wells score
  • NEWS 2
  • prepare to resuscitate
  • pre alert
35
Q

What does a wells score of more than 6 suggest for a PE?

A

That there will be a high probability of a PE

36
Q

What does a wells score between 2-6 suggest about a PE?

A

A moderate probability of PE

37
Q

What does a wells score of below 2 points suggest for a PE?

A

Low probability of a PE

38
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation in the lungs usually caused via infection, that develops over several days

39
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • confusion, resp distress and cyanosis, dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain, malaise
  • older patients may have a minimal cough and no fever but confusion and hypothermia
  • a lower lobe infection can cause upper abdominal pain which can be referred to ask the shoulder
40
Q

What are the causes of pneumonia?

A

Flu , hospitalised patients, cigarette smokers, excess alcohol, bronchiectasis, bronchia obstruction, immunosuppression, aspiration and IV drug use

41
Q

How do you manage pneumonia?

A
  • resp assessment inc SPO2
  • oxygen therapy
  • obs
  • NEWS 2
  • think sepsis!
42
Q

What can respiratory infections cause?

A
  • ventilatory impairment
  • pneumonia
  • tuberculosis
  • acute bronchiolitis
  • trachebrinchitis (croup)
  • epiglottitis

AHP 103 Emergency Care Skills in Paramedic Science (12 decks)

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