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AHP 103 Emergency Care Skills in Paramedic Science > Week 10: Neurological Conditions > Flashcards

Week 10: Neurological Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define fitting

A

A period of involuntary muscular convulsion, often followed by a period of profound lethargy, confusion and sleep

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2
Q

What are the two types of fitting?

A
  • epileptiform
  • non- epileptiform
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3
Q

Define epileptiform

A

Spike or sharp wave activity or other rhythmic waveforms, causing epilepsy

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4
Q

Define non-epileptiform

A

Similar symptoms of an epileptic seizure without any unusual electrical activity in the brain often caused by mental stress or physical condition

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5
Q

What are the different causes of a fit?

A
  • generalised
  • partial
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6
Q

Define generalised

A

both sides of the brain are used from outset

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7
Q

Define partial

A

Localised area of the brain

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8
Q

What are some risks of prolonged seizures

A
  • permanent brain damage
  • death
  • apnea
  • occluded airway
  • heart rhythm (bradycardia, tachycardia, ictal asystole)
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9
Q

After how long is a seizure considered long?

A

5 minutes

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of a seizure?

A
  • aura stage
  • tonic stage
  • clonic stage
  • postical stage
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11
Q

What are the different types of generalised seizure?

A
  • tonic clonic
  • tonic
  • atonic
  • abscences
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12
Q

Define tonic clonic

A

Rigid, falls, jerks

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13
Q

Define tonic

A

Rigid, falls, but no jerking

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14
Q

Define atonic

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone (drop attack)

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15
Q

Define abscences

A

Brief interruption, blank staring

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16
Q

What are the two partial/focal seizure types:

A
  • simple
  • complex
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17
Q

Define simple

A

Remain conscious, pins and needles, unusual taste/smell or some other sensory disturbance, localised jerking/sometimes a slight twitch

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18
Q

Define complex

A

Alteration of consciousness, pluck at clothing, fiddle with objects, act confused, lip smacking, chewing, undressing, appear intoxicated

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19
Q

What is secondary generalised?

A

Partial evolves into generalised

20
Q

What symptoms/causes are there of non-epileptiform seizures?

A
  • febrile convulsions
  • cardiac arrêt in adults
  • hypoglycaemia
  • hypoxia
  • stoke
  • tumour
21
Q

What is alcohol withdrawal seizures?

A

When someone consumes a lot of alcohol, or when someone whose body is used to having alcohol regularly and suddenly stop or changes their drinking, the brain may react and trigger a seizure

22
Q

What are some treatments for alcohol withdrawal seizures?

A

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam

23
Q

What is the assessment for a seizure?

A
  • ABCD
  • history- head injury/infection
  • assess mouth/tongue, any incontinence
  • raised temp or rash
  • any arrhythmia
24
Q

What is the management for seizures?

A
  • CABCDE
  • high flow O2 15L/100%
  • lie patient down
  • loosen tight clothing
  • remove harmful objects
  • do not restrain movements
  • do not put anything in mouth
  • IV access
  • use own patient buccal midazolam
  • rectal diazepam
  • allow the to recover
  • take medication to hospital
  • Obs
  • ATMIST
25
Q

Define a stroke

A

A stroke is classically characterised as neurological defecit attributed to an acute focal injury of the CNS

26
Q

What are the two different types of stroke?

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) and Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

27
Q

What is a TIA?

A

An acute loss of cerebral or ocular function with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours

28
Q

What is a TIA caused by?

A

An inadequate cerebral or ocular blood supply as a result of low blood flow, ischaemia, or embolism with the disease of the blood vessels, heart or blood

29
Q

Does a TIA cause permanent damage?

A

A TIA is a temporary interruption in blood flow to an area of the brain that does not last long enough to cause permanent damage to the brain

30
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Loss of blood flow to the brain, which damages the brain tissue

31
Q

What is a CVA caused by?

A

Caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain

32
Q

What can a CVA lead to?

A

Life changing disabilities or death

33
Q

How are strokes classified?

A

By their main causes as either ischaemic (most common) or haemorrhagic

34
Q

What is a ischemic stroke?

A

Obstruction blocks blood flow to part of the brain causing an area to be deprived of blood

35
Q

What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Weakened vessel wall ruptures causing bleeding in the brain

36
Q

What are the risk factors of a stroke?

A
  • age
  • being male
  • heredity
  • heart disease
  • diabetes
  • smoking
    etc
37
Q

What are some conditions that can also look like a stroke?

A
  • seizures
  • migraines
  • hypo/hyperglycemia
  • ms/bells palsy/parkinsons
  • brain tumours
  • sepsis
  • trauma
38
Q

What test is used to detect a stroke?

A

FAST test

39
Q

What does the FAST test look for?

A
  • facial weakness
  • arm weakness
  • speech problems
  • time
40
Q

How long max should you stay on scene if a stroke is suspected?

A

Less than 25 minutes

41
Q

What should you do if suspected stroke?

A
  • monitor with a 3 lead cardiac monitor to see for arrhythmia
  • pre alert for patient who were last seen well within 10 hours/ woke up with a stroke
42
Q

What is meningitis?

A

The meninges covering the brain and spinal cord are infected by bacteria causing inflammation

43
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream, produces a clinical indication of shock. Deterioration can be rapid, early recognition and prompt treatment improves clinical outcomes

44
Q

What are symtpoms of meningitis?

A
  • irritability
  • flu like symptoms
  • neck stiffness
  • photophobia
  • haemorrhagic rash
  • cold mottled skin
  • reduced O2 saturation
  • tachycardia
  • painful joints, muscles and limbs
  • headaches
  • seizures
  • D&V
  • drowsiness and confusion
45
Q

What is Parkinsons ?

A

Parkinsons is a disease caused by a loss of nerve cells in the brain, a reduction of dopamine is responsible for the many symptoms of parkinsons

46
Q

What must you make sure if taking a patient with parkinsons into hospital?

A

That they take their medication as it is imperative that it is taken at the same time of day.

AHP 103 Emergency Care Skills in Paramedic Science (15 decks)

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