Week 13: Anaphylaxis & Shock Flashcards

1
Q

What is shock?

A

Shock is a serious disruption of the normal metabolic function resulting from inadequate oxygenation and/or perfusion of the body tissues

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2
Q

What do body cells do in shock?

A

Normal aeorbic metabolism cannot take place and the body cells switch their reserve capacity to function

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3
Q

What loss is involved in hypovolemic shock?

A
  • blood loss
  • fluid loss
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4
Q

What can blood loss be from?

A
  • trauma
  • gastrointestinal or obstetric haemorrhage
  • AAA
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5
Q

What can fluid loss be from?

A
  • burns
  • gastrointestinal loss
  • severe dehydration
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • pancreatitis
  • ischemic bowel
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6
Q

What are symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

A
  • anxiety/agitation
  • cool/clammy skin
  • confusion
  • decreased or no urine output
  • generalised weakness
  • pale skin colour
  • rapid breathing
  • sweating/moist skin
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7
Q

Define cardiogenic shock

A

The inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output necessary to meet body needs, causing extra strain on the heart causes decreased tissue perfusion

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8
Q

What are common causes of cardiogenic shock?

A
  • arrhythmia
  • myocardial infarction
  • myocarditis
  • acute valve failure
  • overdue of negatively intropic drugs
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9
Q

What can help cardiogenic shock?

A
  • calcium channel blocker
  • beta blocker
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10
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

Helps to lower the blood pressure by preventing calcium entering cells of the heart and arteries, reducing the contraction-amlopdine

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11
Q

What do beta blockers help to do?

A

Slow the heart rate down by blocking the action of hormones such as adrenaline

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12
Q

What are symptoms of a major pulmonary embolism (PE)

A
  • short of breath suddenly
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnoea
  • diaphoresis
  • anxiety
  • coughing up pink foamy mucus
  • vasovagal syncope
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13
Q

What is the treatment for a major pulmonary embolism?

A
  • fluids
  • analgesia
  • O2 pre-alert
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of a tension pneumothorax ?

A
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
  • reduced air entry
  • unequal rise and fall of the chest
  • hyper resonate chest
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15
Q

What is the treatment for a tension pneumothorax?

A
  • needle compression
  • O2 therapy
  • analgesia
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?

A
  • chest pain
  • SOB
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
  • venous neck distension
  • faint/light-headed
  • pain in right upper abdomen
17
Q

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade ?

A
  • pericardiocentesis
18
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A
  • spinal shock
    Damage to the sympathetic pathways in the spinal cord may result in the loss of control over the size of the blood vessels- causes systemic vascular dilation occurs, with resulting mismatch between circulating volume and circulatory capcity
19
Q

What can neurogenic shock lead to?

A

Blood pressure can rapidly increase, yet heart rate may be normal-bradycardic due to sympathetic damage

20
Q

What can a major cerebral or spinal injury be caused by?

A
  • rtc causing damage to CNS
  • sports injuries to spine
  • gunshot wounds to spine
  • medications affecting autonomic nervous system, which regulates breathing and other automatic body functions
21
Q

What are symptoms of a major cerebral or spinal injury?

A
  • dizzy/faint
  • nausea
  • sweating
  • vacant gaze
  • anxiety
  • pallor
22
Q

What are symptoms of caudal equine syndrome?

A
  • urinary retention
  • urinary feral incontinence
  • weakness or paralysis of more than one nerve root, which can affect lower extremities
  • pain in back and legs (sciatica)
23
Q

What are toxic causes/ sepsis caused by?

A
  • carbon monoxide (old boilers)
  • cyanide (solid crystals or gas)
  • hydrogen sulphate
  • poisons causing methaemoglobinaemia
  • anaphylaxis
24
Q

What is septic shock?

A

An overwhelming infection that releases toxins causing arteriolar and capillary dilation, causing a mismatch between circulating blood volume and circulatory capacity

25
Q

What are symptoms of septic shock?

A
  • pallor
  • mottled skin
  • <> temp
  • > heart rate
  • > resp rate
  • hypotension
26
Q

Consider sepsis if …

A

The patients news score is greater or equal to 5 and/or looks unwell with a history of infection

27
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms?

A
  • constriction of peripheral veins
  • > RR/HR
  • constriction of the arteries supplying non-vital organs
28
Q

What is neutropenic sepsis?

A

A reaction to an infection which can happen to patients with low neutrophils in the blood

29
Q

What must patients be if they have neutropenic chock?

A

Patients will be isolated until their neutrophil count rises

30
Q

What are symptoms of neutropenic sepsis?

A
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • high temp
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • flu sumptoms
  • catheter site infection
31
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A severe and potentially life-threatening reaction to a trigger such as an allergy

32
Q

What may trigger anaphylaxis ?

A
  • insect stings
  • allergies
  • serums
  • drugs
  • foods
33
Q

What happens in anaphylaxis ?

A
  • patient exposed to antigen
  • antigen-antibody reaction
  • release large amounts of histamine causing widespread capillary and arteriolar dilation
  • capillaries become weak and leak, can cause oedema
  • risk of bronchospasm preventing adequate pulmonary ventilation
  • awareness of biphasic reactions
34
Q

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A
  • skin reactions, hives/itching/flushes,pale skin
  • low blood pressure
  • constriction of airway and swollen tongue or throat causing wheezing and trouble breathing
  • nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
  • dizziness or fainting
35
Q

What is within a anaphylaxis assessment?

A
  • determine nature/cause
  • airway (clear and patent)
  • breathing (rate and depth)
  • circulation (rate, quality, regular)
  • cap refill
  • ACVPU/GCS
  • baseline obs
36
Q

What is the management of anaphylaxis?

A
  • remove trigger is possible
  • adrenaline
  • consider salbutamol
  • consider O2
  • consider fluids
37
Q

What is the dose of adrenaline for anaphylaxis?

A
  • 1mg/1ml concentration
  • dose 500mcg
  • repeat dose after 5 mins (50mcg)
  • no limit
  • administered into the vastus laterals located in the lateral part of thigh