Week 3: muscarinic blockers, Ach release inhibitors, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, adrenergic blockers Flashcards
Describe the mechanism of action as well as physiologic actions of atropine
- Atropine is a muscarinic blocker, binds to all 5 types of muscarinic receptors
- competitive: competes with muscarinic agonist for receptor
- blocks parasympathetics
List the signs and symptoms of muscarinic blocker overdose
- loss of light reflex -mydriasis
- difficulty reading-loss of accommodation for near vision vision
- inhibits salivary secretion: dry mouth
- inhibits bronchial secretion
- dilates bronchial relaxation
- tachycardia
- inhibits sweat glands: heat stroke
- CNS actions increase heat set point and cause hallucinations
- constipation
- difficulty urinating
Describe a drug and mechanism of action for ameliorating the CNS effects of toxic doses of atropine
- usually no antidote needed, metabolized by liver (t1/2=4 hours)
- can give cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses BBB so that Ach builds up and can compete with atropine for binding sites
Comare and contrast the actions of botulinum toxin with the actions of atropine
Atropine:
-has mydriasis, dry mouth, hyperthermia leading to death
-no skeletal muscle weakness
Botulism:
-Has mydriasis, dry mouth, death by respiratory paralysis, and skeletal muscle weakness
(botulism inhibits Ach release from parasympathetic and motor nerves)
Do muscarinic antagonists increase bp?
-yes, indirectly by increasing heart rate–>increases cardiac output–>increase in bp
What is potentiation?
When the pharmacological effect is greater than the sum of the action of each drug
What is summation?
when the pharmacological effect is equal to the sum of the action of each of the drugs
Compare and contrast the actions of non-depolarizing and depolarizing neuromuscular blockers
- non depolarizing: Binds to nicotonic receptors in neuromuscular junction and blocks Ach binding (antagonist). Zero intrinsic activity.
- depolarizing: activates muscle cells, depolarizing cell so that no further stimulation will activate muscle contraction (agonist)
Compare and contrast the actions of cholinesterase inhibitors on non depolarizing and depolarizing neuromuscular blockers
- non depolarizing: can treat with cholinesterase inhibitor if overdose. The ChE inhibitor will increase Ach to be able to compete with the non depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (tubocurarine) for nicotinic receptor binding sites
- depolarizing: succinylcholine is broken down by ChE, so adding an ChE inhibitor will prolong the effect of succinylcholine
Compare and contrast the actions of quaternary and tertiary amines as cholinesterase inhibitors and action on the nicotinic receptors
- tertiary: can cross BBB, only have cholinesterase blocking actions, no agonist actions by binding to nicotinic receptors
- quarternary: cholinesterase inhibitor and agonist of nicotinic receptors–>potentiates increasing concentrations of Ach and reverse effect of tubocurarine more quickly
What are neuromuscular blockers used for? list examples of neuromuscular blockers.
-skeletal muscle relaxation for surgical procedures
-facilitate endotrachial intubation
Non depolarizing: tubocurarine
depolarizing: succinylcholine
-they work at the skeletal muscle end plate
Describe the actions of a direct acting sympathomimetic.
- combine with receptors on target tissues and exert an effect
- drugs are similar in structure to epinephrine and norepineprhine
- bind to specific receptors: a1, a2, b1, b2, b3.
- activation of b receptors stimulates adenyl cyclase, activation of a1 copied with 2nd messenger, activation of a2 inhibits adenyl cyclase
what are the possible mechanisms that are used by indirect acting sympathomimetics?
- stimulate release of norepineprhine
- block vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)-trasports NE that has been taken back into the neuron into the secretion granule
- vesicle is depleted of NE (indirect symp antagonist) - Block reuptake of norepineprine into cell by norepinephrine transporter (NET). NE stays in synapse and continues to be available.
- block metabolism of enzyme that metabolizes NE (e.g. MAO)
What physiologic actions occur when activating alpha 1? Name a specific drug that is specific for this receptor.
- constriction of arteries and veins
- dilation of pupil of eye
e. g. Phenylephrine-specific alpha 1 agonist, used for nasal decongestion. Alpha 1 agonist also used to induce mydriasis and for hypotension
What physiologic actions occur when activating alpha 2? Name a specific drug that is specific for this receptor.
- on presynaptic terminals
- inhibit release of norepinephrine
- ->results in inhibition of sympathetic effect
e. g. clonidine
What physiologic actions occur when activating beta 1? Name a specific drug that is specific for this receptor.
- located in the heart
- can bind to SA node and stimulate rate of contractions (positive chronotropic effect)
- stimulates positive inotropic (stronger contraction) effect
- e.g. Dobutamine
What physiologic actions occur when activating beta 2? Name a specific drug that is specific for this receptor.
- cause vasodilation and bronchodilation
- e.g. albuterol
- skeletal muscle vasculature only contains beta 2, most other vascular beds have a1 and b2
What receptors does norepinephrine bind to? What effect does this have? What is the effect on cardiac reflex?
- a1 and b1 receptors. Minimal affinity for b2.
- a1: vasoconstriction–>increase peripheral resistance–>increase diastolic bp
- b1: increase force of contraction and rate of contraction–>increase systolic pressure
- overall effect: increase in mean bp
- cardiac reflex: decrease in hr
