Week 3. Lecture 6 Flashcards
What distinguishes early humans?
They learned by trial/error, observed animals behaviors, transformed knowledge into rules and taboos and attributed disease and accidents to magical spirits
What were some early efforts at public health in early civilizations?
Through excavations and archaeological evidence it showed bathrooms, drains, water flushing systems. There was also code of Hammurabi which were fee schedule from health practices and physicians.
What distinguished Egyptians?
Had priests, written formats, personal cleanliness, pharmaceuticals prep, earth privies for sewage, and public drainage pipes
What distinguished the Hebrews?
They were the first to have written hygienic code. They valued cleanliness of the body, protect against contagious diseases, isolation of lepers, disinfection of dwelling after illness, sanitation of campsites, disposal fo excreta, and protection of water and food supplies
What distinguished the Greeks?
Had disease prevention and treatment of disease. Had a god of medicine(Asclepius) and believed that the ideal person was perfectly balanced in mind, body, and spirit/
What is hygeia(Greek)?
power to prevent disease
What is panacea(Greek)?
ability to treat disease
What theory did the greeks create?
The theory of disease causation which explained balance and imbalance
What distinguished the Romans?
Built aqueduct systems, underground sewers, hospitals/public medical services, and study of human anatomy and surgery
When was the middle ages and what happened?
Collapse of the Roman empire. There was a lot of invaders, unable to expend, population growth, overcrowding, and science/knowledge was shunned and replaced by religion
What was an epidemic during the middle ages?
leprosy, black plague, and communicable diseases
What happened during the black plague?
It was a bacterial infections from a bite of infected fleas feed on rodents. Around 5k-10k said to have died on a single day and 1/4 to 1/3 of Europe population died.
What communicable diseases were during the Middle Ages?
Smallpox, diptheria, measles, influenza, syphillis, tuberculosis, anthrax, trachoma
What distinguished the renaissance period?
There was a naturalistic and holistic thinking and re-emergence of science. There was also disease and plagues, disposal of humans waste, sanitary conditions were deplorable, and medical care was rudimentary. Surgery/dentistry and health information was also existent
What were some scientific advancements during the renaissance period?
There was a look into cause/effect, the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, the realistic anatomical drawings by John Hunter, the microscope by Antione van Lee., and statistics/epidemiology by John Graunt
What other advancements were prevalent during the renaissance period?
Marketing of food products, sewage system, activity of hospitals, physicians, and preparation and sales of drugs
What was the age of enlightenment? What was not known?
It was not known that disease were produced by microscopic organisms and contaminated water caused disease infection
What was the Miasmas Theory of the Enlightenment Age?
It was thought that there was “bad air” from decaying organic matter. The remedy was using herbs and incense that would perfume the air and fill the nose from foul odors and miasma
What were some scientific advancements during the Enlightenment Age?
Lime juice(vitamin C) from Dr. James Lind, vaccine procedure against smallpox from Edward Jenner, trade and industrial diseases from Bernardino Ramazzini, and the idea that mind/body is dependent on each other, and important of individual health and well being of society
What distinguished the 1800s?
The London streets with animal and human waste, there was also overcrowding and industrialization, there was also endemic of smallpox, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis
What were some findings of the 1800s?
From Edwin Chadwick which linked in deplorable living conditions with disease and suffering which formed the General Board of Health for England
What was found from the Cholera epidemic in the 1800s?
Microorganisms in the drinking water and removing a particular water pump handle. Challenged microorganism vs. miasmas theory
What were some scientific advancements of the 1800s?
The germ theory of disease and scientific approach to immunization and technique to pasteurize milk from Louis Pasteur. There was also the criteria/procedure on microbe causing a particular disease from Robert Koch. Also, antiseptic method of treating wound from Joseph Lister. It was also the Bacteriological period of Public Health.
What were some regulations and diseases prevalent during the 1700s?
There was quarantine and regulations on environmental cleanliness. Massachusetts experiences isolation of smallpox patients and ship to quarantine. There are local health boards and the first life expectancy table where at birth 28.15 years.
What were some regulations and diseases prevalent during the 1800s?
There was overcrowding, poverty, filth. There was tuberculosis and malaria and the avg. age at death was 21.43 years. The APHA and Marine Hospital Service Act was existent and there was 50 reccs. to improve public health.
What were some regulations and diseases prevalent during the 1900s to present?
It was the reformed phase of public health. There was the creation of federal regulations and law of the food industry, worker compensation, first clinic for occupational diseases, healthier workplace conditions and the avg. life expectancy of 59.7 years.
What is the National Institute of Health?
The learning of the cause, prevention, and cure of disease
What was the Social Security Act of 1935?
The federal involvement in social issues and health
What is the communicable disease center?
The CDC and is the leading epidemiological center and has health communications and education methods.
What is medicare and medicaid?
Medicare for the elderly and medical for the poor and those with disabilites
What is promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives of the Nation?
It is 226 US health objectives and is preventive services, health protection, and health promotion.
What is Healthy People?
Topic areas of access to health services, adolescent health, arthritis, osteoporosis, chronic back conditions, blood disorders, and cancer
What is the National Public Health Performance Standards Program?
It is to develop performance standards and collect/monitor and analyze data
What are the 10 greatest public health achievements in the US(1990-1999)?
Vaccination, motor vehicle safety, safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in death from coronary disease and stroke, safer/healthier foods, healthier mothers/babies, family planning, fluoride in water, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
What are the 10 greatest public health achievements in the US(2001-2010)?
Vaccination for preventable disease, tobacco control, maternal/infant health, motor vehicle safety, cardiovascular disease prevention, occupational safety, cancer prevention, childhood lead poisoning prevention, and public health preparedness and response
What was the school health in the US in the mid-1600s?
Religious leaders, only boys attend, and temporary structures with no sanitary facilities
What was the school health in the mid-1800s?
Tax supported, attendance was compulsory, mandatory hygiene programs, and the teaching of physiology
What was the school health of WWI and WWII?
School health education as a discipline
What was the school health in the 1960s and 1970s?
School health education study of 1460 schools and 840,000 students. The findings were mealth misconceptions and organizational/administration problems which developed school health education curriculum
What is the comprehensive school health education and the 6 specific adolescent risk behaviors?
Unintentional injuries and violence, unintended pregnancy/STD, alcohol and other drug use, tobacco use, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and inadequate physical activity
What did Rhode Island do?
First legislation to make
health education mandatory, and other
states soon adopted this concept.
