Week 2. Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are some determinants of health?
Genetics, individual behavior(diet, exercise), social circumstances(education, SES), environmental and physical influences(toxins, microbial agents), and health services
What are social determinants of health?
Conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, and play, all of which typically would impact their health outcomes. These conditions and outcomes are shaped by the distribution
of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
What is healthy people 2030?
A health disparity as “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
What is a health disparity?
Effects on groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their race, religion, SES
gender, age, mental health, sexual orientation, geographic location, or other characteristics historically
linked to discrimination or exclusion
What is the current status of health education in the 21st century?
Behavioral patterns are the single most prominent
domain of influence over health prospects in the United States
What are some examples of chronic diseases?
Asthma, chronic renal disease, diabetes, glaucoma, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Most common in the 1950s to 2023
What are some example of infectious diseases?
HIV, COVID,MERS, Ebola, dengue fever, hepatitis A/B/C, influenza, measles, TB, STDs. Most common in the 1850s to 1950s and again 2019+
What is a communicable disease?
Diseases caused by biological agents and are
transmissible from person-to-person such as influenza and HIV
What is a non-communicable disease?
Diseases that cannot be transmitted from an
infected person to a healthy one such as cancer and heart disease
What is true about communicable diseases?
All communicable diseases are infectious but not all infections are communicable. For example, tetanus can cause infection but a person with tetanus can’t spread it to other people
What is epidemiological data?
It is collected to understand mechanisms, causation, monitoring, prevention, and translation to treatment. Also surveys, samples, and can be quantitative or probabilistic
What are some ways to measure health or health status OR are also classification of disease significance?
Endemics, epidemics, or pandemics
What is an endemic?
Disease that occurs regularly in a population and is expected to continue to occur such as chicken pox, malaria, or tuberculosis
What is an epidemic?
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large # of cases of a disease within
a defined population such as west nile virus, food borne outbreak, or measles
What is a pandemic?
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large # of cases of a disease over a wide geographic area, region, country or global such as HIV/AIDS or COVID
What is mortality?
special case of incidence measure where cases are death
What are some measures that are used for mortality?
crude mortality(risk), age-specific mortality(risk), cause-specific mortality(risk), proportionate mortality. All are proportions
What is the formula for crude mortality?
all deaths/pop size
What is the formula for age-specific mortality?
deaths in age/pop of the same age
What is the formula for cause-specific mortality?
death due to cause/pop size
What is the formula to proportionate mortality?
case due to cause/all deaths
What is life expectancy?
At birth, at 65 years of age, at 75 years of age
What is years of potential life lost(YPLL)?
difference between 75 years of age and age at death. Used for premature mortality
What is years live with disability(YLD)?
is a cause specific measure of disability calculated as
“incident cases X average time of disease to death or remission X disease
specific disability weight”
What is disability of weights?
measure from 0 (healthy) to 1 (deceased. For example, STD=0.05, HIV with treat=0.16, Alzhemier=0.66, first stroke=0.92
What is disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)?
equals Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) + Years Lived with Disability (YLD)
What is health-adjusted life expectancy(HALE)?
measured at 65, this is an
estimate of remaining years of healthy life
What is health-related quality of life(HRQOL)?
subjective measure of health that includes how well their health is? What about physical health, mental health and how much poor health has affected and kept you from doing things.
What are health surveys?
Conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), CDC, or NCHA
What is the ultimate goal of health education?
improve the quality of life; difficulty to quantify
What is the goal of health education?
It is to promote, maintain, and improve individual and
community health.
What is the teaching-learning process?
Is the hallmark and social agenda that differentiates the practice of health education from other helping professions in achieving this goal
What is the purpose of health education?
To positively influence the health behavior of
individuals and communities as well as the living and working conditions that influence their health
What is health education based on?
The assumption “that beneficial health
behavior will result from a combination of planned, consistent, integrated
learning opportunities
What is evidence-based practice?
Practice that is based on systematically finding, appraising, and using evidence as the basis for decision-making when planning health education/promotion programs
What is the practice of health education and how is organized?
What are risk factors?
Those inherited, environmental, & behavioral influences that change or may change development of health event and are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable
What are some categories of risk factors?
demographic(age,gender,race), inherited such as genetic, environmental, and behavioral
What is the definition of risk factors?
Characteristics, which change the probability of
health problems. Often defines as “if you X risk factor then you are X% more likely to..”
How risk factors determined?
Research(long term studies) and the average probality of having/developing a disease in a pop is measured. It does not indicate with certainty if someone will develop a disease
This explains a chain model and what to do to reduce risks
What is modified determinism?
sets of sufficient risk factors
What is primary prevention?
Reducing risk factors and aims at prevent disease onset. Forms of primary prevention are health promotion and immunization
What is secondary prevention?
Screening for early detection and to improve outcome with early treatment. The mode of intervention is screening and early diagnosis and treatment
What is tertiary prevention?
Reducing chronic disease it is to limit disability and delay progression. Modes of intervention are rehabilitation and restorative surgery
What is susceptibility?
Susceptibility=non-disease=pre-pathogenesis
What is pre-symptomatic?
pre-symptomatic=biological onset=pathogenesis
What is clinical disease?
clinical disease=symptoms=pathogenesis
What is disability, recovery, or death?
disability, recovery, or death=chronic state=resolution or sequelae
