Week 11: Lecture 15 Flashcards
What are some examples of health-related ethical issues?
- genetic engineering
- allocating donor organs
- end of life issues
- health research
- professional behavior
What are the 3 main areas of philosophy?
ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics
What is epistemology?
study of knowledge
What are metaphysics?
study of the nature of reality
What is ethics?
defines acceptable and unacceptable behavior within the norms of a
particular group
What is morality?
sets standards for right and wrong in human behavior
Why should people act ethically?
- personal
- professional
What is the personal aspect of ethics?
brings meaning or purpose to the life of an individual and tend to lead healthier, more emotionally satisfying lives
What is the professional aspect of ethics?
A sense of trust, moral credibility and leadership, and make programs more effective
What is an example of professional ethics?
USA Gymnastics sex
abuse scandal – Larry Nassar
What are research ethics?
comprises principles
and standards that, along with underlying values, guide appropriate conduct relevant to research decisions”
What are professional ethics?
actions that are right and wrong in the workplace and are of public matter
What is an example of teleology?
Lying to a client or patient to help that person where lying is morally okay if the consequences turned out okay.
What is teleology?
Consequentialism, primary reasoning, and evaluating moral status
What is primary reasoning for teleology?
the end does justify the means
What is deontology?
Formalism or non consequentialism. Certain actions are inherently right or wrong, or good or bad, without regard for their consequences
What is the primary reasoning for deontology?
the end does not justify the means
What is an example of deontology?
lying to a client or patient to help that person and lying is wrong even if it is done to help that person
What do ethics and moral in greek and latin roots look into?
character
What is an argument in ethics?
People need to use their mind and not their heart
What is the principle of value of life?
It is the most basic principle and argues that no life should be ended without strong justification.
What are some basic principles for common moral ground?
Value of life, goodness, justice, truth telling, and individual freedom
What are some example of value of life principle?
abortion, suicide, euthanasia, and capital punishment
What is the principle of goodness?
Non-maleficence, beneficence/benevolence, benefit to harm ratio
What is non maleficence?
non-infliction of harm to others
What is beneficence/benevolence?
principle of doing good, demonstrating kindness, showing compassion, and helping others
What is the benefit to harm ratio?
early mammogram
What is the principle of justice?
People treating other people fairly and justly in distributing goodness
(benefits) and badness (burdens). Also, procedural and distributive justice.
What is procedural justice?
fair procedure in place & procedures were followed
What is distributive justice?
allocation of resources
What is the principle of truth telling?
Moral relationship -> meaningful communication -> telling the truth. May be the most difficult principle to live by
What is the principle of individual freedom?
Equality principle or principle of autonomy. People must have the freedom to choose their own ways. Means of being moral within the framework of the first four principles.
steps to making ethical decision pt. 1
steps to making ethical decision pt. 2
What are the context clues that should be taken when making ethical decision making?
- place
- time
- identity
- social relationships
- the ideal
- the concrete
- seriousness
What are the ethic in HPDP?
- Obligations and availability of services
- Obligations between professionals and clients
- Obligations to third parties
- Obligations between professionals and employers
- Obligations to the profession
What is Obligations between professionals and clients?
Fiduciary model. Where professional, it means to be honest, candid, fair. In the client it means, keeps commitments to the professional, is truthful to the professional, and does not request unethical acts from the professional
What is obligations and availability of services?
Equality of opportunity for making professional services available to all citizens. An example is health insurance and pre-existing conditions
What is the Obligations to third parties?
Whether or not to share client information with:
* Family members of the client
* People in a supervisory capacity
* Legal authorities
* Peers
What are examples of third party obligations?
Box 5.3: Privacy, HIPAA, GINA
What are Obligations between professionals and employers?
Involve due process, confidentiality, and professional support. Ex: Should health education specialists always implement “company” policy when they know it is wrong or could bring harm to a client?
What are Obligations to the profession?
Conducting research, reforming the profession, and maintaining respect for the profession
What are ethical dilemmas?
Must be an issue (a controversy); two sides. Must involve the question of right and wrong
What are the major categories of issues?
Assigning individual responsibility, overemphasizing behavior change as program outcome instead of changes in the social and physical environment. Overemphasize the importance of health
What are ethical issues in social research?
- voluntary participation
- no harm to participants
- anonymity and confidentiality
- Deception must be justified by compelling scientific concerns
- Researchers must be honest about their findings and research
Who is Stanley Milgram?
Study of human obedience where subjects had role of “teacher” and administered a shock to “pupils“. Pupils were actually part of the experiment.
What are some principle of protecting human subjects?
- autonomy
- beneficence
- justice
What is autonomy?
People get to make their own decision and those with diminished capacity must be protected
What is beneficence?
Maximizing benefits for subjects
What is justice?
Fair distribution of research burdens and benefits
What is institutional review boards(IRB)?
Review research proposals involving humans so they can guarantee the rights and interests are protected.
HIPAA
HIPAA pt. 2
How do you ensure ethical behavior? Such as limit entry to the profession?
- selective admission to programs
- retention standards in academic programs
- graduation from academics programs
- completion of internships
- becoming credentialed
- continual updating to retain credential
What is the code of ethics?
Document that maps the profession’s collective social responsibility and acknowledges the obligations individual
practitioners share in meeting the profession’s responsibilities
What do practicing professionals do?
Self monitor, peer review committee(warning, limitations, expulsion), and legal system, and code of ethics
