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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Week 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest and most prominent area of the brain
- has both gray and white matter
- contains cerebral cortex as well as several subcortical structures like the hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, limbic areas, and olfactory bulb

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2
Q

cerebral cortex

A

part of the cerebrum
- made of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites
- only gray matter
- forms a complete covering of the cerebral hemisphere
- vary in thickness from 2-4 mm

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3
Q

cortex organization

A

horizontal “laminar” (6-layer) organization and a vertical “columnar” structure

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4
Q

3 types of neurons in the cortex

A

pyramidal cells, spiny stellate cells, smooth stellate cells

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5
Q

pyramidal cells

A

excitatory and make excitatory connections with neighboring pyramidal cells
- primary output cells of the cortex
- largest

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6
Q

spiny stellate cells

A

type of granule neuron (small interneuron) that have a star-like shape formed by dendritic processes radiating from the cell body
- dendrites densely covered in spines to receive high levels of input from other neurons
- receive most of their input from the thalamus and other cortical areas
- form excitatory connections with pyramidal cells

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7
Q

smooth stellate cells

A
  • non-spiny dendrites and are inhibitory neurons
  • they receive input from pyramidal cells and form inhibitory (GABAergic) synapses w/ other pyramidal cells
  • type of granule neron
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8
Q

laminar organization

A

the horizontal layers of the cortex
- 6 layers based on cell types and their connections that are generally found in the cortex
- mechanism for sorting its inputs and outputs
- afferents form other cortical areas
- the thalamus distribute themselves in distinctive spatial patterns in specific cortical lamina

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9
Q

molecular layer position and main connections

A

first layer; dendrites and axons from other layers

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10
Q

small pyramidal layer position, main connection, and alt name

A

second layer; cortical-cortical connections; external granule layer

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11
Q

medium pyramid layer position, main connections, and alt name

A

third layer; cortical-cortical connections; external pyramidal layer

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12
Q

granular layer position, main connection, alt name

A

fourth layer; receives input from thalamus; internal granule layer

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13
Q

large pyramidal layer position, main connections, and alt name

A

fifth layer; sends outputs to subcortical structures (other than thalamus); internal pyramidal layer

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14
Q

polymorphic position, main connections, and alt name

A

sixth layer; sends outputs to thalamus; multiform layer

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15
Q

layer 1 composition

A

mainly dendrites for neurons from deeper layers as well as axons

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16
Q

layers 2 & 3 composition

A

neurons that project mainly to other areas of the cortex

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17
Q

layer 4 composition

A

receives the majority of the inputs from the thalamus

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18
Q

layer 5 composition

A

projects mostly to subcortical structures other than the thalamus like the brainstem, spinal cord, basal ganglia, and the other cortical hemisphere via corpus callosum

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19
Q

layer 6 function

A

projects mainly to the thalamus

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20
Q

cortical organization

A

groupings of functionally connected neurons that extend vertically through all layers of the cortex
- commonly referred to as minicolumns

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21
Q

minicolumn

A

a group of 80-120 neurons arranged together functionally (via their connections and co-dependent activity)
- about 2x10^8 minicolumns in the human cortex

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22
Q

Brodmann map

A

splits the cortex into over 50 different areas

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23
Q

three parts of cortex

A

sensory, motor, and association areas (some include limbic as 4th)

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24
Q

sensory areas of the cortex

A

receive information related to sensation, with different areas corresponding to different senses

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25
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

contains primary somatosensory cortex and receives info about tactile sensations

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26
Q

motor areas of the cortex

A

involved in the initiation of movement
- primarily found in the frontal lobe
- include primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex

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27
Q

association areas of the cortex

A

spread throughout the cortex and are involved in the integration of information from multiple brain regions
- adds complexity to the perception attained with one sense modality
- facilitates complex cognitive processes

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28
Q

functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A
  • motor cortex
  • somatosensory cortex
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary visual cortex
  • association cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Broca’s area
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29
Q

what makes up a lobe?

A

primary areas (receiving sensory input or sending movement commands), and association areas (higher order brain functions like learning, memory, thought, and language)

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30
Q

association areas

A
  • prefrontal association area
  • limbic association area
  • primary auditory
  • secondary auditory
  • parieto-occipito-temporal association area
  • primary visual
  • secondary visual
  • secondary somatic
  • primary motor
  • supplemental and premotor
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31
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

the two halves of the brain (“hemispheres”) are specialized for specific cognitive functions

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32
Q

what is the effect on identifying objects with a split brain?

A

without a corpus callosum, information from the right visual hemisphere cannot be sent to the left to generate speech, so subjects with a split brain cannot identify objects to their left

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33
Q

callosal agenesis

A

partially or totally lacking a corpus callosum

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34
Q

cortical lateralization

A

having dominance over one side of their body

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35
Q

characteristics of frontal lobe

A
  • contains primary motor cortex
  • controls voluntary movements by the body
  • largest lobe of the cerebral cortex
  • more association cortex for higher-order functions than other lobes
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36
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

higher cognitive functions such as:
- problem solving
- spontaneity/impulse control
- learning
- working memory
- language production
- motivation
- judgement/risk assessment
- social & sexual behaviors
- planning & decision making
- abstract thought
- emotional regulation

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37
Q

motor association cortex areas

A

supplemental motor area, premotor area

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38
Q

supplemental motor area function

A

execution of sequences of movement (attainment of motor skills - in coordination with the cerebellum)

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39
Q

premotor cortex function

A

planning of movement

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40
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex?

A

the section of the frontal cortex that lies at the front of the brain, in front of the premotor cortex

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41
Q

prefrontal cortex main function

A

executive function: the ability to differentiate between conflicting thoughts, to control impulses, to predict future consequences, to plan for a goal, to make decisions, and to problem solve

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42
Q

three subregions of prefrontal cortex

A

ventromedial PFC, dorsolateral PFC, and orbitofrontal PFC

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43
Q

ventromedial PFC function

A

connections with brain regions involved in emotional regulation, self-awareness, theory of mind, decision making, and social cognition

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44
Q

self-awareness

A

understanding our own thoughts and feelings (personality, our values, and our goals) & physical states (interoception)

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45
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding the thoughts and feelings of others, predicting how others will behave and responding in a socially acceptable way

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46
Q

social cognition

A

interacting with other people in a socially appropriate way (understanding social cues, reading body language, etc)

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47
Q

dorsolateral PFC function

A

connections with brain regions involved in working memory, motor control, self-monitoring & control of emotions, attention, cognitive flexibility, problem-solving, impulse control, and planning & decision making

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48
Q

working memory

A

short-term memory, keeping track of currently relevant info for the task at hand

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49
Q

attention

A

focusing conscious awareness, supressing distractions, determining what info is important enough for attention, switching attention between different tasks

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50
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

ability to adapt to new situations and learn new things, deal with change

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51
Q

problem solving

A

application of logic and reasoning to generate solutions

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52
Q

impulse control

A

resisting urges and temptations, suppressing behaviors when appropriate

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53
Q

orbitofrontal PFC function

A

reward anticipation, predicting the outcome of our actions, decision making related to emotional consequences of our choices

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54
Q

what are the circuits that allow executive functions and higher order functions to emerge in the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • central executive network
  • default mode network
  • salience network
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55
Q

what are the circuits that allow executive functions and higher order functions to emerge in the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • central executive network
  • default mode network
  • salience network
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56
Q

central executive network function

A

attention, actively maintaining and manipulating information in working memory, goal-oriented decision making, and cognitive control
- connects prefrontal cortex with parietal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex & others

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57
Q

default mode network function

A

self-referential processing, social cognition, abstract thought, and introspection
- active when not engaged in a specific task

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58
Q

salience network function

A

detecting and responding to salient stimuli & plays a role in determining which sensory information is important and which are not
- connects prefrontal cortex with thalamus and insular cortex & others

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59
Q

tri-network model

A

integrates 3 key intrinsic brain networks that involve the prefrontal cortex: the central executive network, the salience network, and the default mode network, into a single cohesive model underlying normal behavior and cognition

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60
Q

how are the DMN and CEN networks related?

A

anti-correlated and under control of SN; if a task engages one of them, the salience network inhibits the other

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61
Q

areas of the brain impacted by traumatic brain injury

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior temporal lobe

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62
Q

what happened to Phineas Gage?

A

injury to left frontal lobe changed his personality, lost rational decision making and processing of motion
- retained intellectual, motor, and language functions

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63
Q

where is Broca’s area located

A

left frontal lobe

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64
Q

what is Broca’s area responsible for

A
  • coordinating cognitive and motor signals to the parts of the body that allow you to produce speech in a clear and fluent manner
  • interacting with areas of the cerebral cortex involved in deriving meaning from language, creating sentence structure, and using grammar
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65
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

difficulty in producing coherent speech but not with speech comprehension

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66
Q

lobotomy function

A

remember info and trauma but no associated emotions

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67
Q

symptoms associated with frontal lobe damage

A
  • speech/language impairment
  • changes in attention
  • changes in working memory
  • changes in cognitive control
  • changes in emotion processing (difficulty understanding the emotional significance of stimuli or feeling indifferent to upsetting things)
  • changes in decision-making (making risky decisions)
  • changes in social cognition (difficulty understanding thoughts, feelings, and motivations of others)
  • changes in introspection
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68
Q

temporal lobe function

A
  • emotions
  • smelling, tasting, perception, memory, understanding music, aggressiveness, and sexual behavior
  • language
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69
Q

planum temporale

A

the superior surface of the temporal lobe - is larger in the left hemisphere in most brains
- includes part of Wernicke’s area, crucial for speech

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70
Q

symptoms of temporal lobe damge

A
  1. disturbance of auditory sensation and perception
  2. disorders of music perception
  3. disorders of visual perception
  4. disturbance in the selection of visual and auditory input
  5. impaired organization and categorization of sensory input
  6. inability to use contextual information
  7. impaired long term memory
  8. altered personality
  9. altered sexual behavior
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71
Q

symptoms of damage to left temporal lobe

A

deficits in verbal memory and processing speech sounds

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72
Q

symptoms of damage to right temporal lobe

A

deficits in nonverbal memory, processing certain aspects of music, and face recognition

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73
Q

temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

A

brain region associated with reflexive shifts of attention
- shifting attention from one target object to the next
- shifting attention to unexpected or surprising stimuli

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74
Q

ventral frontal cortex (VFC)

A

working memory
- novel situation = more attentional resources

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75
Q

cause of hemispatial neglect

A

right hemisphere damage due to strokes, traumatic brain injury, or disease can cause inattention to the left side of the world

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76
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

the region of the brain important for the comprehension of speech and language development

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77
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located

A

in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and includes the junction between the parietal and temporal lobes

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78
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

impacts both language comprehension and production of meaningful language

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79
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces, including one’s own
- fusiform gyrus usually damaged in these cases

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80
Q

two types of prosopagnosia

A

developmental prosopagnosia, and acquired prosopagnosia

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81
Q

what causes acquired prospagnosia

A

damage to the right fusiform gyrus

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82
Q

primary auditory cortex location

A

temporal lobe

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83
Q

when is the secondary auditory cortex activated?

A

in response to complex sounds and is involved in the detection of pitch, change in frequency, and identifying the location of sound in an environment

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84
Q

acquired savant syndrome

A

caused by damage to the anterior portion of the left temporal lobe

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85
Q

parietal lobe function

A

plays a role in sensations of touch, smell, and tase
- processes sensory and spatial awareness
- key component in eye-hand coordination and arm movement
- contains Wernicke’s area

86
Q

occipital lobe function and location

A

controls vision and recognition; at the rear of the brain

87
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

occipital lobe

88
Q

what does damage to the occipital lobe result in

A

loss of the contralateral visual field
- visual problems (recognizing objects, inability to recognize problems, trouble recognizing written words)

89
Q

what does bilateral damage to the occipital lobes result in?

A

cortical blindness

90
Q

cortical blindness

A

unaware that they can’t see and offer incorrect descriptions of their surroundings

91
Q

limbic lobe function

A
  • regulates emotion and memory
  • connects the lower and higher brain functions
92
Q

where does the salience network have nodes in?

A

insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, and cingulate (limbic) cortex

93
Q

what are the special senses?

A

the senses that have specialized organs devoted to them (vision, hearing and balance, smell, taste)

94
Q

synethesia

A

a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one special senses pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

95
Q

characteristic of synesthetic perceptions

A
  • durable and generic
  • memorable
  • emotional
  • involuntary
  • incidence
96
Q

most common types of synesthesia

A
  • grapheme-vision
  • sound-vision
  • sound-touch
  • time units-vision
  • vision-flavors
  • sound-flavor
  • smell-vision
  • pain-vision
97
Q

how many nuclei in basal ganglia

A

6

98
Q

how many nuclei in thalamus

A

50, simplified to 14

99
Q

how many nuclei in hypothalamus

A

10

100
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of subcortical nuclei involved in
- motor control
- motor learning
- executive function and behaviors
- emotion

101
Q

why is basal ganglia a misnomer

A

“ganglia” is used to refer to clusters of neurons in the PNS, while “nucleus” is used to refer to clusters of neurons in the CNS

102
Q

what structures are the basal ganglia composed of?

A

striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra

103
Q

what is the striatum composed of

A

caudate nucleus, nucleus acumbens, putamen

104
Q

what is the globus pallidus composed of

A

lateral (external), medial (internal)

105
Q

what is the substantia nigra composed of

A

compact, reticular

106
Q

what forms the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus pallidus

107
Q

what forms the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus pallidus

108
Q

caudate nucleus function

A

mostly associated with motor function due to its role in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease; other functions:
- procedural learning
- associative learning
- planned (cognitive) behaviors
- inhibitory control
- emotional reward system
- part of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop

109
Q

what section of the brain are you in if you can only see lateral ventricles and the head of the caudate nucleus

A

rostral section
- no thalamus visible

110
Q

what section of the brain are you in if you can see the third ventricle, thalamus, middle of caudate, and body of caudate

A

mid-caudate section

111
Q

what brain section are you in if the third ventricle, thalamus, both body and tail of caudate nucleus, and hippocampus are visible

A

caudal sections

112
Q

internal capsule

A
  • large afferent and efferent white matter tracts
  • relay to and from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
  • separates the caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus
113
Q

putamen location and function

A
  • located lateral to the globus pallidus and on the outside of the internal capsule
  • regulate movements and influence various types of learning
114
Q

globus pallidus location and function

A
  • located on the outside of the internal capsule
  • involved in the regulation of voluntary movements
115
Q

nucleus accumbens location and function

A
  • located where the head of the caudate and putamen meet and connect
  • involved in motivation, reward or positive behavioral reinforcement, integrates motivation with motor action
116
Q

striatum

A
  • “stripes”
  • striatum = putamen + caudate + nucleus accumbens
  • globus pallidus is not part of the striatum
117
Q

basal ganglia telencephalon structures in the cerebrum DELETE

A

striatum (caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen), globus pallidus (GPe (internal/lateral), GPi (internal/medial))

118
Q

basal ganglia telencephalon structures in the cerebrum

A

striatum (caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen), globus pallidus (GPe (internal/lateral), GPi (internal/medial))

119
Q

basal ganglia structures in the diencephalon

A

subthalamic nucleus

120
Q

basal ganglia structures in the midbrain

A

substantia nigra (compacta, regular)

121
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

functionally part of the basal ganglia, but anatomically within the subthalamus of the diencephalon
- most of the time subthalamic cells are inactive because of the constant inhibition by cells of the external globus pallidus (GPe); if this inhibition is removed, subthalamic neurons have a high level of activity resulting in motor dysfunction (disinhibition)

122
Q

what neurotransmitter do subthalamic neurons use

A

excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

123
Q

substantia nigra

A

a nucleus in the brainstem that is part of the basal ganglia
- dark streak that can be seen in unstained brain tissue

124
Q

why is the substantia nigra dark

A

dopamine neurons express high levels of neuromelanin

125
Q

what is the cell death of the substantia nigra associated with

A

Parkinson’s disease

126
Q

pars compacta (SNc)

A
  • dorsal part of substantia nigra
  • contains densely packed, pigmented modulatory dopaminergic neurons
  • serves mainly as an input to the basal ganglia
127
Q

pars reticulata (SNr)

A
  • nearest to the cerebral peduncle
  • contains loosely packed (net-like), non-pigmented inhibitory GABAergic neurons
  • serves mainly as output from the basal ganglia
128
Q

nigrostriatal pathway

A

formed by the connections between dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNcc) and the caudate and putamen (striatum)
- one of the major dopamine pathways in the brain and plays a significant role in the production of movement

129
Q

four principal input-output loops

A
  1. skeletomotor loop
  2. oculomotor loop
  3. prefrontal loop
  4. limbic loop
130
Q

characteristics of input-output loops

A
  • projections from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia and then return back to the cortex by way of the thalamus
  • each of the loops originates from multiple cortical regions that have similar general functions
  • anatomically distinct: each loop passes through different basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei
  • the cortical targets of the loops are separate portions of the frontal lobe
131
Q

direct pathway

A

produces wanted movement
- when a movement is desired, a signal to initiate the movement is sent from the cortex to the BG, which frees the thalamus from the inhibitory effects of the BG and allows movement to occur

132
Q

indirect pathway

A

prevents unwanted movements
- involves the subthalamic nucleus, leads to the increased suppression of unwanted movements; it is thought that a balance between the two pathways may facilitate smooth movements

133
Q

what is only visible in anterior/rostral sections

A

nucleus accumbens

134
Q

diencephalon

A

the caudal part of the forebrain that contains the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus

135
Q

thalamus

A

forms the walls of the 3rd ventricle and is involved in these functions:
- relaying sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex
- regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness
relay for conscious sensory information to the cortex (ascending tracts)

136
Q

hypothalamus

A

an integral part of the endocrine system
- links the nervous system to the body’s hormone system via the pituitary gland

137
Q

subthalamus

A

receives afferent connections from the substantia nigra and striatum
- regulates skeletal muscle movements

138
Q

epithalamus

A

connects the limbic system to other parts of the brain
- involved in secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms/sleep wake cycle
- regulation of motor pathways and emotions

139
Q

characteristics of the thalamus as a relay for conscious sensory information to the cortex

A

reciprocal connections with cortical areas forming thalamocortical loops to integrate sensory information and maintaining coherent brain activity

140
Q

characteristics of the thalamus as regulation of consciousness/alertness/sleep

A
  • recordings and functional imaging of the thalamus in humans and animals show thalamic activity is linked to arousal and wakefulness
  • thalamic stimulation can restore or enhance states of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness
141
Q

characteristics of the thalamus as a center for sensory processing

A
  • the thalamus is part of the sensory salience network
  • involved in selective attention by filtering sensory inputs to decide what sensory input is important to attend to (focusing attention) and “tuning out” unimportant repetitive stimuli
142
Q

thalamus functional organization

A

neurons that relay information through the thalamus that have similar functions are grouped together and travel via the internal capsule to/from the appropriate area of the primary or association cortex

143
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

connects the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the thalamus in the other brain hemisphere

144
Q

internal medullary laminae

A

divide the thalamus into 4 main groups: medial and anterior nuclei are separated from the lateral and posterior nuclei

145
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

several additional nuclei within the internal medullary laminae that receive input from the reticular formation in the brainstem and project to the striatum and cortex

146
Q

lateral thalamus main function

A

integration of sensory information and sends signals to the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes for further processing

147
Q

anterior thalamus main function

A

routing info of attention, memory, and learning

148
Q

medial thalamus main function

A

abstract thought and long-term, goal-oriented behavior

149
Q

intralaminar nuclei main function

A

maintaining alertness and directing attention to salient sensory events
- receive input from the reticular formation in the brainstem and project to the striatum and cortex

150
Q

reticular nucleus

A

sheath that wraps around and forms a capsule around the thalamus
- does not project directly to the cerebral cortex; modulates the information from other nuclei in the thalamus itself

151
Q

14 efferent connections

A
  1. internal medullary laminate
  2. anterior nucleus - AN
  3. ventral anterior nucleus - VA
  4. ventrolateral - VL
  5. ventral posterolateral nucleus - VPL
  6. lateral posterior nucleus - LP
  7. lateral dorsal nucleus - LD
  8. ventral postereomedial nucleus - VPM
  9. pulvinar nucleus
  10. lateral geniculate body
  11. medial geniculate body
  12. medial (mediodorsal) nucleus
  13. intralaminar nuclei
  14. centromedian nucleus
152
Q

first efferent connection

A

internal medullary lamina

153
Q

second efferent connection

A

anterior nucleus - AN

154
Q

third efferent connection

A

ventral anterior nucleus - VA

155
Q

fourth efferent connection

A

ventrolateral - VL

156
Q

fifth efferent connection

A

ventral posterolateral nucleus - VPL

157
Q

sixth efferent connection

A

lateral posterior nucleus - LP

158
Q

seventh efferent connection

A

lateral dorsal nucleus

159
Q

eighth efferent connection

A

ventral posteromedial nucleus - VPM

160
Q

ninth efferent connection

A

pulvinar nucleus

161
Q

tenth efferent connection

A

lateral geniculate body

162
Q

eleventh efferent connection

A

medial geniculate body

163
Q

twelfth efferent connection

A

medial (mediodorsal) nucleus

164
Q

thirteenth efferent connection

A

intralaminar nuclei

165
Q

fourteenth efferent connection

A

centromedian nucleu

166
Q

ventroposterolateral nucleus function

A

somatic sensation for contralateral body

167
Q

ventroposteromedial nucleus function

A

somatic sensation for contralateral face and taste

168
Q

medial geniculate nucleus function

A

hearing

169
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus function

A

vision

170
Q

pulvinar nucleus function

A

visual processing

171
Q

lateral posterior nucleus function

A

visual processing

172
Q

ventrolateral nucleus function

A

modulation and coordination of movement

173
Q

ventroanterior nucleus function

A

initiation and planning of movement

174
Q

anterior nucleus function

A

memory storate and emotion

175
Q

mediodorsal nucleus function

A

motivation, drive, and emotion

176
Q

lateral dorsal nucleus function

A

memory storage and emotion

177
Q

intralaminar nuclei function

A

regulation of consciousness/alertness/sleep

178
Q

hypothalamus location

A

part of the forebrain below the thalamus

179
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A
  • coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary gland
  • four Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking
  • homeostasis
  • main visceral center
180
Q

what does the hypothalamus control as the main visceral control center

A
  • autonomic nervous system (peripheral motor neuron controlling smooth and cardiac muscle and gland secretions)
  • heart rate, blood pressure, GI tract, sweat, salivary glands
  • emotional drives
  • body temp, hunger, thirst
  • regulation of sleep-wake centers
  • control of endocrine system through pituitary gland
  • memory
181
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus release to produce a feeling of love

A

dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin

182
Q

how does dopamine relate to love

A

associated with body’s reward system, making love a desirable feeling

183
Q

how does oxytocin relate to love

A
  • “love hormone”
  • associated with social bonding
184
Q

how does vasopressin relate to love

A

involved in social bonding with a partner, sexual motivation, and maternal responses to stress

185
Q

nuclei of hypothalamus

A
  1. paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
  2. anterior nucleus
  3. preoptic area
  4. suprachiasmatic nucleus
  5. dorsomedial nucleus
  6. posterior nucleus
  7. lateral hypothalamus area
  8. mammillary body
  9. ventromedial nucleus
  10. arcuate nucleus
186
Q

pituitary gland main function

A

secrete hormones into bloodstream

187
Q

what do hormones released from the pituitary gland do

A

control:
- growth
- blood pressure
- energy metabolism
- temp regulation
- pain relief
- sex organs
- thyroid glands
- pregnancy, childbirth, lactation

188
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

hormone producing area and the majority of pituitary hormones get produced here; functions as a gland

189
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

stores and releases hormones produced by certain secretory neurons in the hypothalamus; neural tissue

190
Q

relationship between hypothalamus and homeostasis

A
  • hypothalamus as a thermostat
  • when body temp too high; preoptic and anterior nuclei respond to decrease heat through blood vessel dilation, panting/sweating, suppression of shivering
191
Q

ventromedial nucleus function
mnemonic: if you want to go to the video music awards in flattering clothes, listen to the ventro medial

A

controls body’s response to changing levels of glucose, amino acids, hormones, and salts in the body
- regulates hunger
- associated w/ obesity
- aggression/aggression-seeking behaviors

192
Q

dorsomedial nucleus function
mnemonic: DM initials (DM also stands for diabetes mellitus, which has hunger as an initial symptom)

A

receives info on feeding regulation, body weight, energy consumption; passes info to regions involved in sleep/wakefulness regulation and corticosteroid secretion

193
Q

preoptic nucleus function
mnemonic: “love at first sight” references seeing someone in front of your eyes

A

regulates release of gonadotropic (reproductive) hormones by the anterior pituitary
- thermoregulation

194
Q

gonadotropins

A

regulate normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function

195
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone; produced in preoptic nucleus and promotes release of other gonadotropins by anterior pituitary

196
Q

anterior nucleus function
mnemonic: on a hot summer day, how do you face the AC unit? face forward (anterior)

A

regulates body temp

197
Q

posterior nucleus function
mnemonic: when it’s cold, you want to shrink back (posterior) into bed

A
  • elevation in blood pressure
  • pupillary dilation
  • shivering/body heat conservation
198
Q

lateral hypothalamus function
mnemonic: after you work out your lats, you get hungry

A

regulates:
- feeding behavior
- arousal
- control of pain perception
- digestive functions
- blood pressure

199
Q

what does damage to the lateral hypothalamus cause

A

eating disorders, narcolepsy, and GI disorders

200
Q

arcuate nucleus function
mnemonic: arcuate and anterior start with a

A

stimulates hormone release from the anterior pituitary and contains neurosecretory neurons that release its own hormones through the posterior pituitary
- contains receptors for Leptin, insulin, and ghrelin
- involved in feeding behaviors, metabolism, fertility, and cardiovascular regulation
- contains dopaminergic neurons that regulate the release of prolactin

201
Q

result of damage to arcuate nucleus

A

obesity

202
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus function
mnemonic: master clock

A
  • brain and body’s biological clock
  • sets timing of sleep-wake cycle in response to sunlight and darkenss cues
  • receives input from retina
  • regulates circadian rhythms
203
Q

paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus function
mnemonic: if you put the p in the v (of pvn), in 9 months you’ll need oxytocin

A

release hormones through posterior pituitary and are involved in osmoregulation
- PVN responds to physical and psychological stressors by engaging the HPA stress axis

204
Q

HPA axix

A

hypothalamic - pituitary- adrenal axis

205
Q

first step of HPA axis stress response

A

PVN detects a stressor and releases corticotropin releasing hormone onto the anterior pituitary

206
Q

second step of HPA axis stress response

A

anterior pituitary detects corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and secretes adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) into the general bloodstream

207
Q

third step of HPA axis stress response

A

ACTH reaches the adrenal glands where the adrenal cortex produces and secretes corticotrophins, cortisol, into the general bloodstream

208
Q

fourth step of HPA axis stress response

A

cortisol circulates throughout the body to engage enrgy and immune systems

209
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest
  • secrete and excrete
  • feed and breed
  • saves energy
210
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight
  • consumes energy
211
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

counterbalance to the action of the sympathetic nerves
- consists of nerves arising from the brainstem and the lower end of the spinal cord and controls the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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