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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

lateral

A

on the side, towards the side

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2
Q

medial

A

is at or towards the middle

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3
Q

dorsal/superior

A

on top, in the brain and head only

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4
Q

ventral/inferior

A

on the bottom, in the brain and head only

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5
Q

midline

A

directly in the middle of the brain in-between the two hemispheres

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6
Q

coronal

A

perpendicular to sagittal plane
- divides front from back

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7
Q

sagittal

A

plane through midline
- divides the left from the right

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8
Q

midsagittal

A

plane is the line through the exact middle

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9
Q

horizontal

A

axial (transverse)
- divides the brain top to bottom

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10
Q

meninges

A

protective coverings which enclose the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer

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12
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer

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13
Q

pia mater

A

inner layer
- follows the gyri and sulci

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14
Q

gyri

A

bumps

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15
Q

sulcus

A

grooves

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16
Q

brain stem function

A

controls breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, and wakefulness
- made up of the medulla, pons, and midbrain

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17
Q

infundibular stalk/infundibulum

A

where the pituitary gland was attached to the brain

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

part of the endocrine system, produces hormones that control metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, and mood

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19
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

involved in the sense of smell and are much larger in animals compared to humans

20
Q

Path that visual information takes

A

optic nerve —> optic chiasm —> optic tract —> visual cortex

21
Q

mammillary bodies

A

part of the limbic system and play a role in memory

22
Q

cerebrum

A

the most superior/dorsal and largest region of the CNS containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical “deep brain” structures
- cerebrum is subdivided into lobes with specialized functions
- as a whole it is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, emotions, hearing, vision, personality, and much. more

23
Q

cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”
  • overlies the brainstem and sits just below the cerebrum
  • plays an important role in motor control and cognitive functions such as attention, language, and emotional responses
24
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

runs down the midline of the brain and separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

25
Q

spinal cord location

A

lies caudal to the brainstem (brainstem is visible on the ventral side of the brain)

26
Q

ventricles

A

part of the ventricular system that circulates the cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

pineal gland

A

part of the endocrine system and produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormones

28
Q

inferior and superior colliculi

A

form the tectum which is part of the midbrain (mesencephalon) involved in vision and hearing)

29
Q

corpus callosum

A

a large band of myelinated axon fibers that cross from one side of the brain to the other, joining the two hemispheres of the brain

30
Q

caudate nucleus

A

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor functions, learning, and reward systems

31
Q

putamen

A

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in regulating various stages of movement (preparation, execution, etc.) and also influences various types of learning

32
Q

optic chiasm

A

the x-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other

33
Q

lateral ventricles

A

the two largest cavities of the ventricular system of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- each cerebral hemisphere contains one lateral ventricle, known as the left or right ventricle, respectively
- each lateral ventricle resembles a C-shaped structure that begins in the temporal lobe, travels through the parietal lobe and frontal lobe, and ultimately terminates where it connects to the single, central third ventricle

34
Q

globus pallidus

A

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in the regulation of voluntary movement

35
Q

the internal cpsule

A

a large white matter structure that contains both ascending and descending axons, going to and coming from the cerebral cortex and relay through the thalamus
- its tracts run in between several basal ganglia structures separating the caudate nucleus from the putamen and the globus pallidus

36
Q

optic tracts (OT)

A

part of the visual system in the brain and are the posterior continuation of the optic nerves after the medial (temporal lobe) fibers decussate at the optic chiasm

37
Q

thalamus

A

a deep brain structure that is part of the diencephalon that is a sensory and motor signal relay to and from the cortex and plays a role in the regulation of consciousness and sleep

38
Q

hypothalamus

A

a deep brain structure that is part of the diencephalon that produces many of its functions by signaling to the pituitary gland
- together they control the endocrine system

39
Q

endocrine system

A

plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hunger, sexual behaviors, heart rate, blood pressure, and more

40
Q

mamilllary bodies

A

a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain
- act as a relay for information coming from the amygdala and hippocampus, via the mamillo-thalamic tract to the thalamus
- play a role in memory recollection/retrieval

41
Q

hippocampus

A

located within the brain’s medial temporal lobe; associated primarily with memory, in particular the transfer or short-term (working) memory to long-term memory
- plays an important role in spatial memory and navigation

42
Q

third ventricle

A

one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system in the brain
- located directly in the midline diencephalong directly between the left and right thalamus, and is filled with CSF
- running through the third ventricle is the interthalamic adhesion, which connects the two thalami from either side of the brain to form the structure of the third ventricle in between them

43
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

part of the ventricular system located within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and contains CSF
- connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesnecephalon and metencephalon, above the cerebellum

44
Q

superior colliculi

A

a paired structure in the midbrain
- part of the tectum
- the two superior colliculi sit below the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the midbrain
- comprises the dorsal aspect (or “roof”) of the midbrain above the cerebral aqueduct

45
Q

fourth ventricle

A

one of the four connected CSF-filled cavities within the brain
- characteristic diamond shape in sagittal sections
- CSF entering the fourth ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct exits the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
- has a roof dorsally formed by the cerebellum, a floor ventrally formed by the pons, and upper half of the medulla, and side walls formed by the cerebellar peduncies

46
Q

cerebellum

A

unconsciously monitoring and correcting motor control of muscles for smooth and coordinated movement

47
Q

insular cortex functions

A

-sensory processing
-feelings and emotions
-motor control
-risk prediction
-decision-making
-bodily self-awareness
-complex social functions like empathy

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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