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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 5.2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brainstem composed of

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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2
Q

brainstem principal function

A
  • regulates vital functions
  • relay/conduit
  • integration and regulation of sensory info (reticular formation)
  • cranial nerve origin and termination
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3
Q

what vital functions does the brainstem regulate

A

cardiac activity, respiration, consciousness, sleep

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4
Q

how does the brainstem act as a relay/conduit

A

ascending and descending nerve connections to and from the motor and sensory systems of the brain pass through the brainstem

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5
Q

how does the brainstem integrate and regulate sensory information (reticular formation)

A

modulation of brain sensory input (decides what is important) and in the regulation of sleep, arousal, and sleep-wake transitions

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6
Q

what is the rostral limit of the brainstem

A

the midbrain-diencephalon junction where it meets the thalamus and hypothalamus, below the optic tracts

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7
Q

what is the caudal limit of the brainstem

A

the level of the foranum magnum and the pyramidal decussation
- everything below the decussation is the spinal cord

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8
Q

what are the cerebellar peduncles

A

superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle, inferior cerebellar peduncle

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9
Q

what does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

midbrain

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10
Q

what does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

pons (the largest)

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11
Q

what does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

medulla (at the junction between pons and medulla)

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12
Q

what do the pontine nuclei contain

A

descending neurons from the primary motor cortex —> contralateral cerebellum

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13
Q

where does the posterior spinocerebellar tract originate from

A

the lower body

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14
Q

characteristics of posterior spinocerebellar decussation

A

stays ipsilateral

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15
Q

where does the cuneocerebellar tract originate from

A

the upper body

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16
Q

characteristics of cuneocerebellar decussation

A

stays ipsilateral

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17
Q

how do the uncrossed tracts of the posterior spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

via the inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)

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18
Q

how do the uncrossed tracts of the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

via the inferior cerebellar peduncles

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19
Q

where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract originate from

A

the lower body

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20
Q

characteristics of anterior spinocerebellar tract decussation

A

decussates in the spinal cord at the level of its entry but decussates again in the brainstem to return to the ipsilateral side of the brain

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21
Q

how does the anterior spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

via the superior cerebellar peduncles (midbrain)

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22
Q

where are the cerebral peduncles found

A

ventral surface, only midbrain

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23
Q

where are the cerebellar peduncles found

A

dorsal surface, all levels of brainstem

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24
Q

what is the ventral surface of the midbrain formed by

A

cerebral peduncels

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25
Q

what do the cerebral peduncles do

A

link the brainstem to the thalamus and cortex

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26
Q

crus cerebri

A

the anterior/ventral portion of the cerebral peduncles which carries the motor tracts

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27
Q

what is the view of the pons on the dorsal surface obstructed by

A

cerebellum

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28
Q

what is the pons attached to the cerebellum with

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

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29
Q

where are the dorsal columns of the DCML ascending tract visible

A

in the caudal medulla (closest to the spinal cord)

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30
Q

where do the dorsal column tracts synapse

A

on their second order neurons in the gracile and cuneate nuclei found in the caudal medulla

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31
Q

what forms the medial lemniscus

A

the decussation of the tracts from the second order neurons of the dorsal columns
- travels through the rest of the brainstem up to the thalamus

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32
Q

olivary nuclei location

A

the prominent bulges lateral to the pyramids in the rostral medulla
- not seen in the caudal medulla

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33
Q

main internal components of the brainstem

A
  1. cranial nerve nuclei
  2. long tracts “passing through”
  3. cerebellar circuitry
  4. reticular formation
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34
Q

components of the midbrain

A

tectum, cerebral peduncles, tegmentum (present throughout entire brainstem, not just midbrain)

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35
Q

what does the tegmentum contain

A

red nucleus and substantia nigra

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36
Q

what is the red nucleus responsible for

A

controlling basic body and limb movements and fine hand movements

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37
Q

what is the substantia nigra responsible for

A

integrating voluntary movements for smooth motion

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38
Q

where is the red nucleus located

A

within the rostral midbrain in the tegmentum

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39
Q

what tract is the red nucleus the origin of

A

rubrospinal extrapyramidal descending motor tract

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40
Q

periaqueductal gray (PAG) location

A

gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain

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41
Q

what information does the PAG receive

A

pain and temp from the lateral spinothalamic ascending tracts

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42
Q

what are the neurons of the PAG excited by

A

endorphins and by opiate analgesics

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43
Q

PAG function

A

controlling autonomic nervous system responses to painful or threatening stimuli from the lateral spinothalamic ascending tracts
- regulates behavioral and autonomic defensive reactions

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44
Q

what behavioral and autonomic defensive reactions does the PAG regulate

A
  • heart rate and blood pressure changes
  • production of vocalizations
  • fear and panic reactions (freezing and explosive flight behaviors)
  • analgesia (pain reduction)
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45
Q

pontine nuclie location

A

ventral (“basal”) pons

46
Q

what neurons does the pontine nucleus contain

A

neurons involved in motor activity

47
Q

what information does the pontine nucleus receive

A

info from the ipsilateral primary motor cortex and relay that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

what forms the transverse fibers of the pons

A

the contralateral decussation of the axon fiber tracts from the pontine nucei

49
Q

what do the connections in the pontine nucleus allow for

A

unconscious modification of motor actions and error correction - the process of learning motor skills

50
Q

what do the pyramids contain

A

the pyramidal tracts descending from the motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord

51
Q

where do the pyramidal motor fibers decussate

A

at the base of the pyramids in the pyramidal decussation

52
Q

what do the olives do

A

relay sensory and motor info
- mainly involved in cerebellar motor-leaning and function
- control of movement

53
Q

medulla structures

A

pyramids, olives, gracile and cuneate nuclei

54
Q

landmarks for rostral medulla cross section

A

open ventricle, pyramids, inferior olives

55
Q

landmarks for mid medulla cross sections

A

slightly open ventricles, pyramids

56
Q

landmarks for caudal medulla cross section

A

decussation of pyramids

57
Q

landmarks for rostral pons cross section

A

pontine “bulge” - transverse fiber tracts, small fourth ventricle

58
Q

landmarks for mid pons cross section

A

pontine “bulge” - transverse fibers tracts, larger fourth ventricle

59
Q

landmarks for caudal pons cross section

A

pontine “bulge” - transverse fiber tracts, descending motor tracts to spinal cord, pontine nuclei, largest fourth ventricle

60
Q

substantia nigra

A

basal ganglia structure that functions in reward and movement
- high levels of neuromelanin dopaminergic neurons

61
Q

where is the brainstem reticular formation located

A

within the tegmentum of the brainstem, but has extensive and complex axonal projections to other nuclei in

62
Q

tegmentum

A

a general area within the brainstem between the ventricular system and the ventral structures at each level
- forms the floor of the midbrain below the cerebral aqueduct
- network of neurons involved in unconscious autonomic pathways & is a motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal ganglia nuclei preventing unwanted body movements

63
Q

what path does the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract take

A

spinal cord to the cortex

64
Q

what is the cuneate fasciculus responsible for

A

discriminative touch, joint position, vibration, stimuli from the upper body

65
Q

where is the cuneate fasciculus 2nd order nucleus located

A

cuneate nucleus

66
Q

what is the gracile fasciculus responsible for

A

discriminative touch, joint position, vibration, stimuli from the lower body

67
Q

where are 2nd order neurons in gracile fasciculus located

A

gracile nucleus

68
Q

where do DCML tracts decussate

A

in the medulla
- from the dorsal columns —> medial lemniscus —> thalamus

69
Q

where do spinothalamic tracts travel through the brain

A

spinal cord to the cortex

70
Q

what is the lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for

A

pain and temp

71
Q

what is the anterior spinothalamic tract responsible for

A

light touch and pressure

72
Q

where does spinothalamic tract decussation occur

A

spinal cord

73
Q

which spinocerebellar tracts do not decussate

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract

74
Q

which spinocerebellar tract decussates twice

A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

75
Q

what kind of information do spinocerebellar tracts carry

A

proprioceptive info

76
Q

why are there no midbrain cross sections of spinocerebellar tracts

A

spinocerebellar tracts enter the cerebellum only in the medulla and pons and do not carry on up to the thalamus like the other ascending sensory tracts

77
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

diffuse, poorly differentiated brainstem nuclei that form the central core of the brainstem

78
Q

where is the reticular formation located

A

within the tegmentum of the brainstem but has extensive and complex axonal projections to other nuclei in the brainstem and to the cerebellum, spinal cord, and cerebrum

79
Q

what does the reticular formation modulate

A
  • pain control
  • muscle tone, motor control, and spinal reflexes
  • autonomic functions (respiration, blood pressure, and cardiac function)
  • arousal, awareness, & attention (maintaining consciousness)
80
Q

where does the reticular formation extend

A

through the central core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- receives info from sensory systems and projects to distributed areas in the cortex

81
Q

what is the function of the ascending reticular activating system

A

arousal/consciousness; affected by general anesthesia, alcohol, tranquilizers, and sleep inducing drugs
- acts as a filter to dampen repetitive, familiar, or weak sensory input activity

82
Q

what does injury to the reticular activating system result in

A

vegetative state

83
Q

function of the descending reticular activating system neurons

A

coordinate movements and autonomic system functions, including the muscles that control cardiac and respiratory functions

84
Q

what do disruptions of the reticular activating system result in

A
  • coma
  • schizophrenia
  • ptsd
  • narcolepsy
  • depression
  • adhd
  • parkinsons
  • alzheimers
  • autism
85
Q

what is the largest cranial nerve

A

trigeminal (CN5)

86
Q

which root of the trigeminal nerve is largest

A

sensory root - branches off into 3 divisions

87
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve innervate

A

head, face, mouth, sinuses
- muscles involved in chewing

88
Q

what medical issues is trigeminal nerve related to

A

dental pain, headache, migraines, pathophysiology

89
Q

vagus nerve function

A

sensory, motor, & parasympathetic branch of ANS

90
Q

how does vagus nerve affect autonomic parasympathetic activity

A

directs to visceral targets for “rest and digest”
- slows heart rate and reduces blood pressure
- promotes digestion

91
Q

how does vagus nerve control mind-body connection

A
  • using slow breathing to slow heart rate
  • gut-brain axis
  • interoception
92
Q

cranial nerve mnemonic

A

On Occasion Our Tasty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How

93
Q

where does olfactory nerve travel to

A

piriform cortex and amygdala; doesn’t enter brinastem

94
Q

where does optic nerve travel to

A

superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus

95
Q

where do oculomotor and trochlear nerves travel to

A

specific nuclei in midbrain

96
Q

where do trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocohlear nerves travel to

A

specific nuclei in pon

97
Q

where do glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves travel to

A

various structures in the medulla

98
Q

CN1

A

olfactory nerve

99
Q

olfactory nerve function

A

smell

100
Q

olfactory nerve type

A

sensory

101
Q

CN2

A

optic

102
Q

optic nerve type and function

A

sensory; vision

103
Q

CN3 name and function

A

oculomotor; eye movement: pupil, eyelid

104
Q

CN4 name and function

A

trochlear; eye movement: down, lateral

105
Q

Cn5 name and function

A

trigeminal; face sensation, mastication

106
Q

CN6 name and function

A

abducens; eye movement: lateral

107
Q

CN7 name and function

A

vestibulocochlear; hearing and balance

108
Q

CN9 name and function

A

glossopharyngeal; taste, swallowing, gag reflex

109
Q

CN10 name and function

A

vagus; gag reflex, heart rate, digestion

110
Q

CN11 name and function

A

accessory; head and shoulder movement

111
Q

CN12 name and function

A

hypoglossal; swallowing, speech, tongue movement

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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