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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 6.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

somatotopic organization

A

where the third order neuron in the thalamus projects to in the somatosensory cortex depends on where the corresponding sensory neuron in the body originated

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2
Q

what is the amount of cortex representing each body part proportional to

A

the amount of sensory neurons providing input

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3
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum lead to

A

impairments in motor control and posture on the ipsilateral side of the body
- balance disorders; subjects develop postural strategies such as a wide-based stance to compensate for

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4
Q

cerebellum general function

A

monitor ongoing movement and modify motor signals of the descending pathways to adapt movements and make them more accurate

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5
Q

does the cerebellum initiate motor commands?

A

no

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6
Q

what types of muscle coordination does the cerebellum monitor and modify

A
  1. maintenance of balance and posture
  2. correction of voluntary movements
  3. motor learning
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7
Q

how does the cerebellum modulate commands to motor neurons?

A

through input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors

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8
Q

why does the cerebellum modulate commands to motor neurons

A

to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles

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9
Q

how does the cerebellum correct voluntary movements

A
  • coordinates timing and force of different muscle groups to produce fluid limb or body movements
  • compares intended and actual movements, adjusts for errors, and corrects ongoing movements
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10
Q

how does the cerebellum function in motor learning

A
  • adapting and fine-tunes motor programs through trial-and-error
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11
Q

what kind of shift does motor learning require

A

conscious —> unconscious

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12
Q

folia

A

finely spaced parallel grooves which form a continuous thin layer of tissue tightly folded like an accordion

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13
Q

what does the telencephalon become in adult brain structures

A

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

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14
Q

what does the diencephalon become in adult brain structures

A

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina

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15
Q

what does the mesencephalon become in the adult brain

A

brain stem: midbrain

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16
Q

what does the metencephalon become in adult brain

A

brainstem: pons

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17
Q

what does the cerebellum develop from

A

the rhombic lips (the edges of the 4th ventricle); as the tissue thickens with growth it folds over creating the 4th ventricle space

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18
Q

what does the myelencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

brain stem: medulla oblongata

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19
Q

what is the roof of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

what is the floor of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

brainstem (pons and medulla)

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21
Q

what are the walls of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

cerebellar peduncles

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22
Q

what is the first step of cerebellum development

A

5th week: rhombic lips expand significantly and project caudally over the roof plate of the 4th ventricle

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23
Q

second step of cerebellum development

A

rhombic lips fuse with each other in the midline to form the cerebellar plate

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24
Q

third step of cerebellum development

A

12th week: cerebellar plate has formed the small midline vermis and two lateral hemispheres can be seen

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25
Q

where does the gray matter lie in the cerebellum

A

externally in the cortex

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26
Q

where is the white matter in the cerebellum

A

internal, called the medulla

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27
Q

deep nuclei

A

centrally located nuclei within the deep white matter/medulla

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28
Q

what does the cerebellar cortex consist of

A

gray matter

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29
Q

what does cerebellum medulla consist of

A

incoming and outgoing myelinated axon fibers projecting to and from the cerebellar cortex

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30
Q

three cerebellar cortex layers

A
  1. granule cell layer
  2. Purkinje neuron layer
  3. molecular layer
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31
Q

what cells are found in the granule layer

A

tightly packed granule neurons

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32
Q

what cells are found in the Purkinje neuron layer

A

Purkinje neurons; only one cell thick

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33
Q

what cells is the molecular layer composed of

A

axons of granule neurons and the dendrites of Purkinje neurons as well as dendrites from a few other neuronal types (no somas)

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34
Q

main characteristic of Purkinje cells

A

one of the largest neurons in the human brain w/ an elaborate branching dendrites that are only found in cerebellum

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35
Q

arbor vitae

A

sensory and motor white matter tracts within cerebellum

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36
Q

three cerebellar peduncles

A
  1. superior peduncle: connects to midbrain
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37
Q

three cerebellar peduncles

A
  1. superior peduncle: connects to midbrain
  2. middle peduncle: connects to pons
  3. inferior peduncle: connects to medulla (technically at the ponto-medullary junction)
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38
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)

A
  • connects cerebellum to midbrain/mesencephalon
  • carries efferent tracts leaving the cerebellum (does receive some ascending tracts)
39
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)

A
  • connects pons to the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum via corticopontine tract through transverse pontine fibers
  • contains largest number of nerve fibers; largest peduncle
40
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP)

A
  • connects cerebellum to medulla
  • carries afferent tracts entering cerebellum from spinal cord and brainstem
  • carries efferent tracts leaving cerebellum to vestibular nuclei and inferior olives in brainstem
41
Q

how does posterior spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)

42
Q

how does cuneocerebellar tract enter cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)

43
Q

how does anterior spinocerebellar tract enter cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

44
Q

three lobes of cerebellum

A

anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe

45
Q

what fissure separates anterior and posterior lobes

A

primary fissure

46
Q

what fissure separates the flocculonodular and posterior lobes

A

posterolateral fissure

47
Q

vermis

A

unpaired, medial portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres

48
Q

how many vermis lobules

A

nine

49
Q

how many horizontal lobulea

A

nine

50
Q

which lobules does the flocculonodular lobe contain

A

X and HX

51
Q

what is lobule HVII (the largest lobule) separated into

A

HVIIb, Crus-I, and Crus-II

52
Q

what 3 regions can the cerebellum be subdivided into based on function

A
  1. vestibulocerebellar
  2. spinocerebellar
  3. cerebrocerebellar
53
Q

vestibulocerebellum anatomical parts

A

flocculonodular lobe, some posterior lobe, and adjacent vermis

54
Q

vestibulocerebellum function

A

regulates balance and eye movements

55
Q

spinocerebellum anatomical parts

A

vermis and intermediate/midline parts of the hemispheres

56
Q

spinocerebellum function

A

regulation of muscle tone & coordination of skilled voluntary movement (matching of intended movement with proprioceptive input of actual body position)

57
Q

cerebrocerebellum anatomical parts

A

lateral parts of the hemisphers

58
Q

cerebrocerebellum function

A

planning of movement; has non-motor cognitive functions as well

59
Q

where does vermis mainly receive input from

A

spinocerebellar tracts in the trunk of the body

60
Q

what info does the vermis receive from the spinocerebellar tracti

A

info on the position & balance of torso

61
Q

where does vermis project to

A

fastigial deep nuclei of the cerebellum

62
Q

where does the fastigial deep nuclei of the cerebellum send output to

A

vestibular nuclei in the brainstem for maintenance of balance

63
Q

is cerebellum mainly ipsilateral or contralateral

A

ipsilateral

64
Q

four major deep nuclei within cerebellar medulla

A
  • dentate nucleus
  • 2 interposed nuclei
  • fastigial nucleus
65
Q

main function of neurons in the deep nuclei

A

prime output from cerebellum

66
Q

where do the fibers of the flocculonodular lobe send output to

A

directly synapse onto vestibular nuclei

67
Q

mnemonic to remember names and positions of deep cerebellar nuclei relative to their position from the midline

A

Don’t eat greasy food: dentate —> emboliform —> globose —> fastigial

68
Q

interposed nucleus

A

emboliform + globose; some animals don’t have distinct emboliform and globose nuclei and instead have a single fused one

69
Q

what info do dentate nuclei receive

A

info related to tasks requiring fine dexterity from the cerebral cortex and is important for the regulation of voluntary motor activity: timing, planning, and inception

70
Q

where does dentate nuclei project to

A

red nucleus and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus

71
Q

what sensory input do interposed nuclei receive

A

spinal, somatosensory, auditory, and visual info input

72
Q

where do interposed nuclei neurons project

A

red nucleus in brainstem

73
Q

what are fastigial nuclei associated with

A

vermis

74
Q

where are fastigial nuclei found

A

along midline of cerebellum

75
Q

what input do fastigial nuclei receive

A

spinocerebellar afferent input

76
Q

where do vestibular nuclei neurons project to

A

vestibular nuclei in brainstem and sends efferent fibers to proximal and trunk muscles for maintenance of balance

77
Q

primary inputs to cerebellum

A

cerebral cortex —> pons —> cerebellum

vestibular inputs —> cerebellum

inferior olive —> cerebellum

spinal cord —> cerebellum

78
Q

what kind of info do vestibular inputs, inferior olive, and spinal cord send to cerebellum

A

sensory, proprioceptive, and vestibular ipsilateral info

79
Q

what kind of info does cerebral cortex send to cerebellum

A

motor cortex, association frontal cortex, sensory cortex

80
Q

primary output path of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex (Purkinje neurons) —> deep nuclei (main output) —> thalamus (—> cerebral cortex), vestibular nuclei, inferior olive, red nucleus

81
Q

first step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

motor cortex sends action potentials to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

82
Q

second step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

action potentials from the motor cortex inform the cerebellum of the intended movement

83
Q

third step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

lower motor neurons in the spinal cord send action potentials to skeletal muscles, causing them to contract

84
Q

fourth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

proprioceptive signals from the skeletal muscles and joints to the cerebellum convey info concerning the status of the muscles and the structure being moved during contraction

85
Q

fifth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

cerebellum compares info from motor cortex w/ proprioceptive info from skeletal muscle joints

86
Q

sixth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

action potentials from the cerebellum to the spinal cord modify the stimulation from the motor cortex to the lower motor neurons

87
Q

seventh step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum

A

action potentials from cerebellum are sent to motor cortex to modify motor activity

88
Q

what do steps 1 and 3 of descending motor tract coordination and correction by cerebellum involve

A

descending tracts

89
Q

what do steps 2 and 4-7 of the descending motor tract coordination and correction by cerebellum involve

A

cerebellum monitoring, comparing, and correcting intended vs actual movement

90
Q

cerebellum motor function

A

predicting motor commands and outcomes (movements) and using sensory data about body position for future error correction/predictions

91
Q

cerebellar non-motor function

A

calculating and monitoring predicted sensory/social/language/threat outcomes with actual sensory data and updating predictions based on this (non-motor error correction)

92
Q

why is prediction the most important functions of the brain

A
  • optimizes neurocognitive resources
  • adapts to surrounding environment and ensure survival
  • goes beyond motor adaptability to everything from language usage to adaptive social behaviors to appropriate response to threat
93
Q

example of proposed model for cortical-cerebellar and cerebellar-cortical interactions

A

cerebellum estimates sensory state of the body by anticipating the consequences of a motor command as a means to compensate for the slower time-scale in which sensory feedback signals are processed in cerebral cortex

94
Q

example of proposed model for cortical-cerebellar and cerebellar-cortical interactions

A

cerebellum estimates sensory state of the body by anticipating the consequences of a motor command as a means to compensate for the slower time-scale in which sensory feedback signals are processed in cerebral cortex

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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