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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 4.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the neural plate

A

the thickening of the ectoderm

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2
Q

what forms the neural groove

A

the folding of the neural plate

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3
Q

what forms the neural tube

A

the closing of the neural groove

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4
Q

neurulation

A

the process that forms the neural tube

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5
Q

when does neurulation occur

A

third and fourth weeks of gestation

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6
Q

ectodermal folding

A

ectoderm thickening to form the neural plate

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7
Q

formation of the neural tube

A

anterior (rostral) end of the tube expands and differentiates into brain, while the posterior (caudal) end becomes the spinal cord

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8
Q

three types of spinal bifida

A

spina bifida occulta < meningocele < myelomeningocele

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9
Q

secondary neuralation

A

occurs at the caudal end of the developing embryo; becomes the lower part of the spinal cord
- involves mesodermal cells rather than ectodermal cells

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10
Q

ascending tract of spinal cord tract function

A

brings sensory info from the PNS to the brain

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11
Q

what are examples of ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A
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12
Q

what are examples of ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A

spinothalamic tract, the dorsal columns

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13
Q

what do the descending tracts of the spinal cord do

A

motor commands from the brain to muscles and glands

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14
Q

example of spinal cord descending tract

A

corticospinal tract

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15
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

controlling the repetitive, coordinated actions required for walking and other forms of movement
- center for processing reflex actions

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16
Q

where does the spinal cord connect to the brain

A

medulla section

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17
Q

approximately how long is the adult spinal cord

A

45 cm

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18
Q

approximately how many neurons and glia does the spinal cord have

A

100 million neurons and 500 million glia

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19
Q

where does the spinal cord begin/end

A

begins at the foramen magnum in the skull (at the interface with the medulla oblongata) and ends at the L1 - L2 vertebral bone level at the conus medullaris

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20
Q

what are the two thickened areas of the spinal cord

A

cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

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21
Q

how many spinal cord segments are there

A

31 segments

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22
Q

cervical enlargement

A

supplies nerves to upper extremity

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23
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

supplies nerves to lower extremity

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24
Q

cauda equina

A

the nerve fibers coming from spinal cord segments lumbar 2 - 5, sacral 1 - 5, and coccygeal 1 which exit the vertebral column below the conus medullaris

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25
Q

where in the spinal cord is there more white matter than gray

A

rostral end

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26
Q

which end of the spinal cord has more gray matter than white matter

A

caudal end

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27
Q

what causes the spinal cord enlargements

A

the large number of nerve fibers that innervate the upper and lower limbs

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28
Q

what is the shape of the cervical segment

A

oval or almost circular shape

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29
Q

what is the shape of the thoracic segment

A

more rounded and have smaller dorsal and ventral horns

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30
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry sensory info from receptors in skin/other organs —> central nervous system

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31
Q

where are afferent neuron cell bodies located

A

outside of the spinal cord

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32
Q

efferent neurons

A

carry motor info from brain —> peripheral nervous system
- aka motor neurons

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33
Q

where are efferent neuron cell bodies located

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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34
Q

SADDAVE

A

sensory = afferent = dorsal
dorsal = afferent, ventral = efferent

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35
Q

dorsal root

A

transmits sensory info

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36
Q

ventral root fibers

A

the axons of motor and visceral efferent fibers

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37
Q

cervical nerves

A

C1 - C8

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38
Q

thoracic nerves

A

T1 - T12

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39
Q

lumbar nerves

A

L1 - L5

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40
Q

sacral nerves

A

S1 - S5

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41
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

Co1

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42
Q

cord dermatome

A

body map of spinal segment innervation

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43
Q

cervical dermatomes

A

C2 - C8: back of the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands

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44
Q

thoracic dermatomes

A

T1 - T12: chest, abdomen, and back

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45
Q

lumbar dermatomes

A

L1 - L5: associated with the lower back, hips, and the anterior and medial aspects of the legs

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46
Q

sacral dermatomes

A

S1 - S5: cover the buttocks and posterior legs

47
Q

the problem with convergence

A

sensory afferents carrying pain info from the skin and from the organs can converge onto the same dorsal horn neuron; leads to “referred pain”

48
Q

posterior horn function

A

contains sensory interneurons and projection neurons for ascending sensory tracts
- present at every level of the spinal cord

49
Q

intermediate gray matter function

A

involved in the autonomic nervous system
- present at every level of the spinal cord

50
Q

anterior horn function

A

contains lower motor neurons that send motor output to skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary and involuntary movements
- present at every level of the spinal cord

51
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

white matter made up of both myelinated and unmyelinated axon fibers
- convey primarily pain, temperature, and light/crude touch information

52
Q

what does Lissauer’s tract synapse with

A

second-order interneurons in Rexed lamina I (the marginal zone) and lamina II (substantia gelatinosa)

53
Q

where is Lissauer’s tract found

A

posterior horn

54
Q

marginal zone location

A

at the tip of the dorsal horn

55
Q

marginal zone function

A

relays info about pain and temp sensation to the brain

56
Q

marginal zone presence

A

all spinal levels

57
Q

marginal zone associated rexed lamina

A

lamina I

58
Q

substantia gelatinosa location

A

at the top of the dorsal horn

59
Q

substantia gelatinosa function

A

relays information about pain and temp sensations to the brain

60
Q

substantia gelatinosa presence

A

found at all segmental levels of the spinal cord

61
Q

substantia gelatinosa associated rexed lamina

A

lamina II

62
Q

nucleus proprius location

A

in the neck of the dorsal horn

63
Q

nucleus proprius function

A

relays info about proprioception and light/crude touch to the brain

64
Q

nucleus proprius presence

A

found at all spinal levels

65
Q

nucleus proprius associated rexed lamina

A

laminae III or IV

66
Q

light touch

A

poorly localized, crude touch (pressure, tickle, itch)

67
Q

light touch DELETE

A

poorly localized, crude touch (pressure, tickle, itch)

68
Q

fine touch

A

discriminative touch

69
Q

dorsal nucleus of clarke location

A

medially at the bottom of the dorsal horn, corresponding to the medial part of Rexed lamina VII

70
Q

dorsal nucleus of Clarke function

A

relays unconscious sensory info about proprioception to the brain (particularly to cerebellum)

71
Q

dorsal nucleus of Clarke presence

A

found only in the thoracic to lumbar spinal segments: T1 - L2

72
Q

intermediolateral nucleus location

A

in the lateral horn within Rexed laminate VII

73
Q

intermediolateral nucleus function

A

relays motor and sensory info between the viscera (internal organs) and the brain
-controls autonomic neurons that give rise to the sympathetic nervous system

74
Q

intermediolateral nucleus presence

A

found between the first thoracic spinal segment (T1) and the third lumbar segment (L3)

75
Q

lateral motor neurons location

A

located in the ventral horn

76
Q

lateral motor neurons function

A

relays motor info from the brain to the viscera and skeletal muscles of the limbs

77
Q

lateral motor neurons presence

A

all spinal levels

78
Q

medial motor neurons location

A

ventral horn

79
Q

medial motor neuron function

A

relays motor info from the brain to the viscera and skeletal muscles of the trunk and neck

80
Q

medial motor neuron presence

A

all spinal levels

81
Q

rexed lamina

A

divides the gray matter into 10 layers based on the distribution of different types of neurons

82
Q

dorsal/posterior sensory laminae (I - III) function

A

primarily involved in pain signaling

83
Q

deeper laminae (IV - VII) function

A

involved in non-painful as well as painful sensation and proprioceptive info

84
Q

ventral/anterior laminate (VII - IX) function

A

carry motor info from the brain out to the visceral and skeletal muscles

85
Q

lamina I function

A

contains neurons that send info about noxious and temp sensory input to the brain

86
Q

lamina I location

A

thin layer at the tip of the dorsal horn
- overlaps with the marginal zone nucleus

87
Q

lamina I presence

A

found at all spinal levels

88
Q

lamina II location

A

corresponds to the substantia gelatinosa nucleus

89
Q

lamina II function

A

relay both noxious and non-noxious sensation info to the brain
- modulate sensory input to contribute to brain’s interpretation of incoming signals as painful or not

90
Q

lamina II presence

A

all spinal levels

91
Q

laminae III and IV location

A

contain nucleus proprius

92
Q

laminae III and IV function

A

input is from fibers that convey proprioceptive and light touch sense

93
Q

laminae III and IV presence

A

all spinal levels

94
Q

lamina V function

A

relay both noxious and visceral sensory stimuli to the brain

95
Q

lamina V presence

A

all spinal levels

96
Q

lamina VI location

A

deep layer of the dorsal horn

97
Q

lamina VI function

A

responds to proprioceptive signals from joints, muscles, and skin

98
Q

lamina VI presence

A

all spinal levels

99
Q

lamina VII location

A

large zone that contains the cells of Clarke’s as well as the intermediolateral nucleus, and a large portion of the lateral and ventral horns

100
Q

lamina VII function

A

relaying proprioception and motor info to and from the brain to the viscera

101
Q

lamina VII presence

A

T1 - S4

102
Q

lamina VIII and IX location

A

motor neuron groups in the ventral/anterior gray horn
- medial portion (medial motor nucleus)
- lateral portion (lateral motor nucleus)

103
Q

laminae VIII and IX function

A
  • medial portion innervates muscles of trunk and neck
  • lateral portion innervates distal muscles of the arms and legs
104
Q

laminae VIII and IX presence

A

all spinal levels

105
Q

lamina X location

A

small neurons around the central canal

106
Q

lamina X function

A

relaying motor info from one side of the spinal cord to the other bc axons decussate in the gray commissure

107
Q

lamina X presence

A

all spinal levels

108
Q

white matter ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info up the spinal cord to areas of the brain (eventually terminating in cerebrum or cerebellum)

109
Q

white matter descending tracts

A

carry motor info from brain down to levels of spinal cord, eventually terminating on skeletal muscles

110
Q

reflex

A

simple, unvarying, unlearned response to sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure, and pain
- most are centered entirely within the spinal cord & don’t involve the brain

111
Q

spinal reflex arcs

A

produced by the spinal cord and peripheral neurons only

112
Q

what does a monosynaptic arc consist of

A
  1. a receptor organ (muscle spindle)
  2. a sensory (peripheral) neuron with sensitive endings
  3. a spinal cord motor neuron
  4. an effector organ (muscle)
113
Q

what does a polysnaptic reflex arc consist of

A
  1. a receptor organ (skin)
  2. a sensory (peripheral) neuron with cutaneous receptor nerve endings
  3. a spinal cord interneuron
  4. a spinal cord motor neuron
  5. an effector organ (muscle)

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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