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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 5.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5.1 Flashcards

1
Q

decussate definition

A

cross over from one side of the CNS to the opposite side

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2
Q

ipsilateral definition

A

the same side

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3
Q

contralateral definition

A

the opposite side

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4
Q

afferent definition

A

ascending, input (sensory)

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5
Q

efferent definition

A

descending, output (motor)

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6
Q

spinal somatic sensory systems function

A

mediate touch, limb position senses, pain, itch, and temp senses

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7
Q

spinal somatic sensory system first stage

A

sensory neurons or specialized sensory receptor cells of the body detect changes in the body and environment

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8
Q

spinal somatic sensory systems stage two

A

sensory information is sent to the central nervous system through the spinal cord and brainstem

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9
Q

spinal somatic sensory system stage 3

A

sensory info is relayed through the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex in the parietal lobe or cerebellum

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10
Q

what do stimuli characteristics do receptors encode?

A

nature (modality), location, intensity, and duration of stimuli

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11
Q

what sensations are encoded from sensory receptors?

A

5 senses, balance, position, pain, sensory info from internal organs

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12
Q

kinds of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

“chemical sensory”, smell, taste, internal stimuli like pH

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14
Q

photoreceptors

A

“light sensors,” visual receptors of the retina

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15
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

most varied type, respond to physical deformation, cutaneous receptors for touch, muscle length and tension, auditory and vestibular

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16
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, noxious or obnoxious

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17
Q

what general categories can the sensory receptors be in?

A
  1. a neuron that has a free nerve ending (dendrites) embedded in a tissue (fine touch/pain/temp)
  2. a neuron that has dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue (crude touch/pressure)
  3. specialized receptor cell w/ distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus (specialized for light)
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18
Q

accumulation of axons

A
  • greater distribution of white matter ascending the spinal cord
  • more sensory axons added from periphery; fully intact motor tracts that have not branched off yet
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19
Q

descending white matter tracts

A

pyramidal tracts, extrapyramidal tracts

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20
Q

ascending white matter tracts

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus system, spinocerebellar tracts, spinothalamic tract

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21
Q

two pyramidal tracts

A

lateral corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract

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22
Q

four extrapyramidal tracts

A

rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract

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23
Q

two dorsal column medial lemniscus system tracts

A

gracile fasciculus, cuneate fasciculus

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24
Q

three spinocerebellar tracts

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract, anterior spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract

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25
Q

two spinothalamic system tracts

A

lateral spinothalamic tract, anterior spinothalamic tract

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26
Q

what three anatomical principles are neurons in the sensory tract arranged according to

A
  1. sensory modality
  2. somatotropic
  3. medial-lateral rule
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27
Q

sensory modality

A

different types of sensory info travel through distinct sensory pathways

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28
Q

sensory modality DELETE

A

different types of sensory info travel through distinct sensory pathways

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29
Q

somatotropic anatomical principle

A

ascending tracts are organized according to site of origin (body map)

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30
Q

medial-lateral rule

A

sensory neurons that enter a low level of the spinal cord are more medial within the spinal cord/ sensory neurons that enter at a higher level of the spinal cord are more lateral within the spinal cord

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31
Q

which three neurons do ascending sensory signals travel through

A
  1. first order
  2. second order
  3. third order
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32
Q

where do spinocerebellar tracts terminate

A

in the cerebellum rather than traveling to the thalamus and cortex

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33
Q

where do dorsal column medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts travel

A

thalamus and cortex

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34
Q

where does the gracile fasciculus transmit info from

A

lower body, all spinal levels

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35
Q

where does cuneate fasciculus transmit info from

A

upper body, only cervical

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36
Q

what kind of information does the dorsal (posterior) column medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway transmit

A
  • conscious proprioception (joint position)
  • vibration
  • discriminative (fine) touch
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37
Q

where does DCML pathway terminate

A

somatosensory cortex

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38
Q

what does the DCML third order neuron synapse with

A

the ventral posterolateral thalamus (VPL)

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39
Q

where do 2nd order DCML neurons synapse in

A

dorsal column nuclei (gracile or cuneate nucleus) in the medulla (brainstem), and decussates to contralateral side

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40
Q

where does decussation occur for DCML pathway, if it occurs

A

medulla

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41
Q

characteristics of DCML tracts

A

only two separate tracts within the spinal cord; they decussate in the brainstem and travel as one pathway (the medial lemniscus) up to the thalamus and to the cortex
- carry the same kind of info in the spinal cord

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42
Q

what distinguishes the two DCML tracts

A

the origin of their input from the PNS

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43
Q

what are the spinothalamic tracts (anterolateral system) responsible for

A

transmitting crude touch, pressure, temp, pain

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44
Q

where do the anterior spinothalamic and lateral spinothalamic tracts decussate

A

in the spinal, cord, but at different locations

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45
Q

what kind of info does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry

A

pressure, light/crude touch

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46
Q

what kind of info does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry

A

pain, temp

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47
Q

what is the path the anterolateral system takes

A

brainstem –> thalamus in the same column –> somatosensory cortex

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48
Q

where is the 2nd order anterolateral system neuron found

A

spinal cord

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49
Q

where do the 2nd and 3rd order neurons synapse FOR WHAT????

A

ventral posterolateral thalamus (VPL)

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50
Q

where does the anterolateral system terminate

A

the contralateral somatosensory cortex

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51
Q

somatotopic organization

A

where the secondary neuron in the thalamus project to in the somatosensory cortex depends on where the corresponding sensory neuron in the body originated

52
Q

what are the spinocerebellar tracts responsible for

A

transmitting unconscious proprioception from muscles, tendons, joints; muscle tone; balance

53
Q

posterior spinocerebellar tract origination

A

lower body

54
Q

posterior spinocerebellar tract decussation characteristics

A

stays ipsilateral to the side of the body that it enters
- uncrossed tracts enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)

55
Q

cuneocerebellar tract origination

A

upper bod

56
Q

cuneocerebellar tract decussation characteristics

A

stays ipsilateral; uncrossed tracts enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)

57
Q

anterior spinocerebellar tract origination

A

lower body

58
Q

anterior spinocerebellar tract decussation characteristics

A

decussates in the spinal cord at the level of entry but decussates again in the brainstem to return to the ipsilateral side of the brain
- enters cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncles

59
Q

posterior spinocerebellar tract neuron locations

A

1st order: enters spinal cord (lower body), 2nd order: within spinal cord (Clarke’s nucleus); no 3rd order neuron

60
Q

cuneocerebellar tract neuron locations

A

1st order neuron: enters spinal cord (upper body), 2nd order neuron: medulla

61
Q

anterior spinocerebellar tract neuron locations

A

1st order neuron: enters spinal cord (lower body), 2nd order neuron: within spinal cord, no 3rd order neuron

62
Q

why do the spinocerebellar tracts not have 3rd order neurons

A

all tracts terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellum (not the cortex), so no 3rd order neurons

63
Q

characteristics of descending tracts

A
  • the pathways by which motor signals are sent from upper motor neurons in the cortex to lower motor neurons
  • lower motor neurons then directly innervate muscles to produce movement
64
Q

descending pathway synapses

A

no synapses within the descending pathways
- at the termination of the descending tracts, the first order upper motor neurons synapse with a lower motor neuron within the brainstem or spinal cord

65
Q

where are the lower motor neuron cell bodies

A

within the CNS
- send fibers out into the PNS to make direct connections with muscles, glands, etc

66
Q

where do the pyramidal tracts originate

A

cerebral cortex

67
Q

pyramidal tracts function

A
  • carrying motor fibers to the brain stem and spinal cord
  • responsible for the voluntary control of muscles
68
Q

extrapyramidal tract origination

A

brain stem

69
Q

extrapyramidal tract function

A
  • carrying motor fibers to the spinal cord
  • responsible for the involuntary and automatic control of muscles (muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion)
70
Q

what are the pyramidal tracts

A

corticospinal tracts, corticobulbar tracts

71
Q

corticospinal tracts

A

lateral corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract

71
Q

what are the extrapyramidal tracts

A

vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal

72
Q

vestibulospinal tracts

A

medial and lateral

73
Q

reticulospinal tracts

A

medial/pontine and lateral/medullary

74
Q

why are the pyramidal tracts named that way

A

they pass through the pyramids in the medulla

75
Q

what are the pyramidal tracts responsible for

A

voluntary control of the muscles of the face and body

76
Q

corticospinal tracts function

A

supply muscles of the body

77
Q

corticobulbar tracts function

A

supply muscles of the head, neck, and face

78
Q

corticospinal tracts path

A

cerebral cortex –> internal capsule –> brainstem

79
Q

where does the corticospinal tract divide into two

A

most caudal part of the medulla

80
Q

lateral corticospinal tract path after dividing from the corticospinal tract

A

decussates in the pyramids –> spinal cord –> terminates in ventral horn –> lower motor neurons of the spinal cord supply distal muscles (limbs)

81
Q

medial corticospinal tract path after dividing from the corticospinal tract

A

spinal cord –> decussates in the cord –> terminates in ventral horn –> supply proximal muscles (trunk)

82
Q

where do the lateral corticospinal tract neurons project to

A

distal muscles (limbs)

83
Q

where do the medial corticospinal tract neurons project to

A

proximal muscles (trunk)

84
Q

where do corticobulbar tracts arise from

A

the lateral primary motor cortex

85
Q

where do corticobulbar tract fibers converge

A

internal capsule –> brainstem

86
Q

where do corticobulbar neurons terminate

A

bilaterally on the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brainstem

87
Q

where do corticobulbar tract neurons synapse

A

with lower motor neurons that transmit to muscles of the head, face, and neck

88
Q

where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate

A

brainstem

89
Q

where do the extrapyramidal tracts carry motor fibers to

A

spinal cord

90
Q

what are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for

A

involuntary and automatic control of muscles (muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion)

91
Q

which extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate and have ipsilateral innervation

A

vestibulospinal, reticulospinal

92
Q

which extrapyramidal tracts decussate and have contralateral innervation

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal

93
Q

where do the vestibulospinal pathways arise from

A

the vestibular nuclei

94
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

receives inputs from the organs of balance in the inner ear and CN8

95
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract responsible for

A

upright posture and head stabilization
- detects small movements of the body, motor signals are sent via the vestibulospinal tract to specific muscles to counteract these movements to stabilize the body

96
Q

medial vestibulospinal pathway projection

A

from medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal cord

97
Q

medial vestibulospinal pathway function

A

stabilizing head position by innervating the neck muscles
- bilateral

98
Q

lateral vestibulospinal pathway projection

A

lateral vestibular nucleus to motor signals to extensor muscles in the legs

99
Q

lateral vestibulospinal pathway function

A

helps maintain upright and balanced posture
- stays ipsilateral

100
Q

what do the reticulospinal tracts do

A

coordinate automatic/involuntary movements of locomotion and posture control

101
Q

where do the reticulospinal tracts originate

A

different parts of the reticular formation of the brainstem

102
Q

medial reticulospinal tract (MRST) origination

A

reticular formation in the pons

103
Q

lateral reticulospinal tract (LRST) origination

A

reticular formation in the medulla

104
Q

characteristics of both reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract decussation

A

both remain ipsilateral and terminate at different levels in the spinal cord

105
Q

what kind of information does the MRST carry

A

info for controlling extensor motor neurons, enabling the extension of the legs to maintain postural support and contributes to patterned movements (eg stepping)

106
Q

what kind of information does LRST carry

A

info for controlling flexor motor neurons, inhibiting the MRST extensor muscles and enabling modulating of the stretch reflex

107
Q

where does the tectospinal tract originate

A

the superior colliculus in the midbrain

108
Q

what composes the tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculi

109
Q

what kind of information does the superior colliculus receive

A

input from optic nerves

110
Q

where do the tectospinal tract neurons decussate

A

at the level of the midbrain

111
Q

where does the tectospinal tract terminate

A

cervical levels of the spinal cord

112
Q

what is the function of the tectospinal tract

A

coordinates movements of the head in relation to visual stimuli

113
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate

A

red nucleus in the midbrain

114
Q

where do the rubrospinal tract fibers decussate

A

level of the midbrain and descend into the cervical spinal cord with a contralateral innervation

115
Q

what function does the rubrospinal tract fibers have

A

fine control of hand movements

116
Q

which descending tracts originate in the cortex?

A

pyramidal tracts: corticospinal tract (lateral corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract), corticobulbar tracts

117
Q

other name for primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

118
Q

other name for primary sensory cortex

A

post-central gyrus

119
Q

which important areas of motor association cortex lie anterior to the primary motor cortex

A

supplemental motor area and the premotor cortex

120
Q

what are the supplemental motor area and the premotor cortex involved in

A

higher order motor planning and they project to the primary motor cortex

121
Q

where are the primary sensory and motor areas located

A

on either side of the central sulcus

122
Q

primary motor cortex function

A

execution of movement

123
Q

supplemental motor cortex function

A

execution of sequences of movement (attainment of motor skills - in coordination with the cerebellum)

124
Q

premotor cortex function

A

planning of movement

125
Q
A

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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