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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Week 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

dendrites

A

processes that often make synaptic contacts with neighboring neurons to receive information at small protrusions called dendritic spines

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2
Q

neural plasticity

A

configuration of synapses on dendrites and cell body is constantly changing

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3
Q

what do dendritic spines do?

A

increase surface area for synapses

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4
Q

types of dendritic spines

A
  • stubby
  • filopodia
  • thin
  • mushroom
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5
Q

stubby and filopodia dendritic spines main characteristic

A

believed to be the precursor of other spines
- filipodia spines are > 2 um
- stubby spines are < 1um

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6
Q

thin dendritic spine main characteristics

A
  • appear and disappear in a few days
  • flexible structure, making them “learning spines”
  • 1 um - 2 um
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7
Q

mushroom dendritic spines main characteristics

A
  • more stable and can last for months
  • contain more AMPA receptors
  • the “memory” spine
  • pronounced head and neck, 1 um - 2 um
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8
Q

common components of a neuron

A

soma, axon initial segment/axon hillock, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

soma

A

cell body (part of the gray matter in the CNS)
- contains the important cellular components to help keep the neuron alive (nucleus/DNA, ribosomes, etc.)

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10
Q

axon initial segment/axon hillock

A

the section of the neuron where there is a dense concentration of sodium channels to facilitate threshold responding - the decision making area of the neuron

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11
Q

myelin sheath

A

conductive and insulative material that normally covers the axons to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of cellular transmissions
- covers leak channels and prevents ions from leaking out

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12
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks between bundles of myelin (un-myelinated segments) with a dense concentration of sodium and potassium channels
- site of saltatory conduction

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13
Q

what causes multiple sclerosis

A

the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body

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14
Q

components of input zone

A

dendrites, dendritic spines, soma

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15
Q

main component of the integration zone

A

axon initial segment/axon hillock - decision making location

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16
Q

main components of conduction zone

A

axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier

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17
Q

main component of output zone

A

axon terminals - chemical transmission of message

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18
Q

input zone

A

where neurons collect and process information, either from the environment or from other cells

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19
Q

integration zone

A

where the decision to produce a neural signal is made

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20
Q

conduction zone

A

where information can be electrically transmitted over great distances

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21
Q

output zone

A

where the neuron transfers information to other cells

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22
Q

nuclei

A

where neurons synapse with other neurons

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23
Q

what are a group of myelinated axons called?

A

fibers, tracts, columns, funiculi, fascicles, capsules, peduncles

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24
Q

nucleus/nuclei or ganglia

A

a group or cluster of neuron cell bodies

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25
Q

gray matter

A

location of neuron cell bodies

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26
Q

white matter

A

location of myelinated axons

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27
Q

the dendrites and cell body are the ______ zone of the neuron, while the axon terminal boutons are the ______ zone

A

input; output

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28
Q

characteristics of an action potential

A
  • originate in the axon hillock
  • propagate at a high speed along the axon
  • greater stimulus = greater response (graded response)
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29
Q

what do local potentials do

A

serve as the initial signals that can either initiate or inhibit the generation of action potentials

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30
Q

when is an action potential fired?

A

when the sum total of all the excitatory and inhibitory input on the neuron raises the membrane voltage at the hillock above the threshold for firing

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31
Q

why does an action potential only travel in one direction

A

the membrane segment behind it is refractory (not yet back to the resting state)
- it can propagate down the length of the axon without diminishing in strength because it is an all or nothing signal

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32
Q

types of synapses

A

axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic, and dendro-dendritic

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33
Q

axo-dendritic synapse

A

the axon terminal synapses on a dendrite

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34
Q

axo-somatic synapse

A

synapse between axon and cell body (soma)

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35
Q

axo-axonic synapse

A

synapse between two axons
- does not result in action potential

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36
Q

dendro-dendritic synapse

A

synapse between two dendrites

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37
Q

electrical synapses

A

potential jumps directly to the postsynaptic region without using chemicals

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38
Q

are neural messages soup or sparks?

A

soup

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39
Q

what happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?

A

the neuron releases neurotransmitters

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40
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that are sent from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

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41
Q

what series of events is required for synaptic transmission?

A
  1. action potential arrives at axon terminal
  2. voltage-gated calcium channels open and Ca2+ ions enter
  3. synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft
  4. transmitter crosses the cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors, which opens ion channels
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42
Q

what do SNAREs and synaptotagmin do

A

mediate exocytosis

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43
Q

three general types of neurons (regarding types of axon)

A

multipolar neurons, pseudo-unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons

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44
Q

multipolar neuron characteristic

A

one axon, many dendrites

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45
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron characteristic

A
  • born from bipolar neurons
  • 2 processes that extend from a single point from the cell body
  • send touch info from the body to the spinal cord
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46
Q

bipolar neuron characteristics

A
  • sensory neurons found in olfactory epithelium, the retina of the eye, and ganglia of the vestbulocochlear nerve
  • 2 processes (1 dendritic process and 1 axon)
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47
Q

sensory - afferent neurons purpose

A

carry information from peripheral nervous systems and sensory receptors to the CNS

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48
Q

afferent meaning

A

carrying information from PNS to CNS, often paired with sensory neurons

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49
Q

motor - efferent neurons purpose

A

carry information from the CNS to the motor organs (muscles)

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50
Q

efferent meaning

A

carrying information from the CNS to PNS, often paired with “motor” neurons

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51
Q

interneurons (relay and local) purpose

A

relay interneurons have long axons to project to far away targets; local interneurons stay local w/ short axons

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52
Q

are all interneurons inhibitory?

A

not all

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53
Q

where are interneurons found, and what do they transmit ?

A

CNS; can transmit motor and sensory information

54
Q

cholinergic neuron function

A

motor control, memory, attention, and autonomic functions (acetylcholine)

55
Q

cholinergic neuron location

A

neuromuscular junction, basal forebrain, and brainstem

56
Q

dopaminergic neuron function

A

reward, motivation, motor control, and regulation of mood

57
Q

dopaminergic neuron location

A

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental are (VTA)

58
Q

GABAergic neuron function

A

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, important for reducing neuronal excitability and regulating muscle tone

59
Q

glutamatergic neurons function

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, crucial for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory

60
Q

seratonergic neurons function

A

mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and cognitive function

61
Q

seratonergic neuron location

A

raphe nuclei of the brainstem

62
Q

three CNS neuronal cell types

A

excitatory, inhibitory, modulatory

63
Q

excitatory neuron function

A

stimulate excitation in their target neurons

64
Q

inhibitory neuron function

A

neurons that evoke inhibition in their targets

65
Q

modulatory neuron function

A

evoke more complex effects on their target neurons

66
Q

astrocyte function

A

mechanical and metabolic support for neurons; form a barrier along capillaries (blood brain barrier)
- contain sucker-like extensions that contact blood vessels

67
Q

what do astrocytes release?

A

gliatransmitters

68
Q

what do gliotransmitters do

A

modulate neuron function

69
Q

what are the gliotransmitters released by astrocytes?

A

glutamate, taurine, and ATP

70
Q

how do astrocyte signals control flow of oxygen and nutrients?

A

through connections called “end feet” that expand or narrow blood vessels

71
Q

microglia

A

immune cell, protective, clean-up debris

72
Q

ependymal cells

A

form the inner lining of ventricles, facilitate production of CSF

73
Q

satellite cells

A

protect neurons and ganglia in the PNS
- in sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic neuron ganglia in the PNS
- thin, flattened cells that surround the soma of peripheral neurons in a manner that resembles the outer covering of a soccer ball

74
Q

how to tell difference between CNS and PNS glia

A

“S” glia are PNS, non “S” glia are CNS

75
Q

function of satellite glia cells

A
  1. supply nutrients
  2. protective covering against physical damage
  3. regulate neurons ionic environment & membrane potential
  4. prevent somatic synapses from forming from other neurons (which are usually inhibitory on the somatic)
  5. alter neuro-transmission
76
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath around 1 PNS axon
- creates 1 myelin segment on 1 axon

77
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

form the myelin sheath around multiple axons (acts as an insulator) in the CNS
- produce myelin segments on 30-40 axons in CNS

78
Q

saltatory conduction

A

electrical signal jumping from one node to another; accelerates speed of nerve impulses up to 120 m/sec

79
Q

types of neuroglia

A

ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, astrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells

80
Q

four main parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal

81
Q

function of meninges

A

protection, CSF circulation, blood supply

82
Q

how do the meninges protect the brain

A

providing a barrier against physical impacts and infections

83
Q

three protective membranes

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

84
Q

layers of dura mater

A

periosteal layer, meningeal layer

85
Q

periosteal layer

A

the outer layer of dura mater, which is attached to the inner surface of the skull
- serves as the periosteum (a membrane covering bones) of the cranial bones

86
Q

meningeal layer

A

the inner layer, which lies closer to the brain
- continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord

87
Q

dural reflections

A

important folds that separate different parts of the brain

88
Q

falx cerebri

A

a sickle-shaped fold that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure, separating the two cerebral hemispheres

89
Q

falx cerebelli

A

a small vertical fold that partially separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

90
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

a horizontal fold that separates the cerebrum from the cerebelluj

91
Q

diaphragma sellae

A

a small, circular fold that covers the pituitary gland which allows the passage of the pituitary stalk (infundibulum) through it to connect with the hypothalamus

92
Q

tentorial notch

A

an opening in the tentorium cerebelli which allows the brainstem to pass through

93
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

receive blood from the brain through the cerebral veins and receive CSF from subarachnoid space; ultimately drains into the jugular veins in the neck
- don’t constrict or dilate; they are spaces

94
Q

what are the paired dural sinuses

A
  1. cavernous sinus
  2. superior petrosal sinus
  3. inferior petrosal sinus
  4. transverse sinus
  5. sigmoid sinus
95
Q

what are the unpaired dural sinuses

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus
  2. inferior sagittal sinus
  3. straight sinus
  4. occipital sinus
96
Q

arachnoid layer

A

middle layer of the meninges and part of the leptomeninges
- attached to the inside of the dura mater and surrounds the brain and spinal cord but doesn’t line the brain down into its sulci
- CSF flows underneath in the subarachnoid space full of delicate fibers that attach to pia mater

97
Q

arachnoid mater structures

A

arachnoid trebecula, arachnoid cisterns, and arachnoid villi/granulations

98
Q

arachnoid tebeculae

A

strands of connective tissue that loosely connect the arachnoid and pia mater
- CSF flows around them within the subarachnoid space that they create

99
Q

arachnoid villi

A

small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the dural venous sinuses of the brain that allow CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream

100
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

aggregations of arachnoid villi

101
Q

subarachnoid cistern function

A

small cavities in the space between the arachnoid and pia mater
- filled with pools of cerebrospinal fluid; provide buoyancy

102
Q

subarachnoid cisterns names

A
  1. suprasellar (chiasmatic) cistern
  2. interpenduncular cistern
  3. pontine cistern
  4. quadrieminal cistern
  5. supracerebellar cistern
  6. cisterna magna (largest)
103
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord that is adherent to the brain tissue surface and follows the contours of the brain including the sulci and gyri
- impermeable to fluid which allows it to enclose and contain CSF between it and the meningeal layer to protect and cushion the brain
- blood vessels run through the pia material to enter the brain

104
Q

ventricular system

A

a set of 4 interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the CSF is produced

105
Q

what is CSF

A
  • clear, colorless body fluid found in brain and spinal cord
  • made from blood plasma
  • mostly water and contains energy substrates, oxygen, vitamins, and ions
  • cell and protein free
  • made everywhere except cerebral aqueduct
106
Q

choroid plexus anatomy

A
  • composed of tightly linked ependymal cells that are attched to pia mater outcroppings into the ventricles
  • underneath ependymal cells are blood capillaries
  • blood plasma diffuses from capillaries into ependymal cells where it is converted to CSF
107
Q

steps of CSF formation

A
  1. filtered form of blood plasma moves from capillaries into an interstitial space via a difference in pressure b/ween blood in capillaries and interstitial fluid
  2. fluid passes through ependymal cells in an active process requiring energy for the transport of Na, K, and Cl that craws water, nutrients, and O into CSF w/ osmotic pressure
  3. CSF returns to the vascular sytem by entering dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations
108
Q

why are ventricular, vascular, and meninges taught together in one lecture?

A

they are interconnected in an important brain recycling system

109
Q

what causes hydrocephalus

A

a blockage in the ventricular system that prevents drainage of CSF into the sinuses and results in an accumulation of CSF and high intracranial pressure which compresses brain tissue against the skull

110
Q

three main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

111
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body
- branch into arterioles, which divide into capillaries

112
Q

capillaries

A

smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body
- connect arteries and veins

113
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the body’s tissues and organs

114
Q

carotid arteries

A

major blood vessels located on each side of the nectar
- divide into internal and external carotid arteries

115
Q

vertebral arteries

A

paired arteries that ascend through the neck to supply blood to the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior parts of the brain

116
Q

basilar artery

A

the basilar artery is formed by the convergence of the two vertebral arteries at the base of the brain

117
Q

cerebral arteries

A

once inside the skull, the carotid and vertebral arteries give rise to a network of smaller arteries known as the cerebral arteries

118
Q

what are the two major systems that bring blood to the brain

A

common carotid and vertebral arteries

119
Q

what does the common carotid divide into

A

external carotid, internal caroti

120
Q

external carotid function

A

supplies the face and scalp

121
Q

what does the internal carotid divide into

A
  • middle cerebral artery
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • anterior choroidal artery
  • posterior communicating artery
122
Q

what do the vertebral arteries divide into

A
  • posterior cerebral artery
  • basilar artery
  • superior cerebellar
  • pontine arteries
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery
123
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A
  • lateral frontal lobe
  • lateral parietal lobe
  • lateral occipital lobe
  • lateral temporal lobe
  • insula
  • basal ganglia
  • internal capsule
124
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A
  • medial frontal lobe
  • medial parietal lobe
  • limbic lobe
  • basal ganglia
  • internal capsule
  • corpus callosum
125
Q

what does the anterior choroidal artery supply

A
  • basal ganglia
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • internal capsule
  • thalamus
126
Q

what does the posterior communicating artery supply

A
  • medial occipital lobe
  • medial temporal lobe
  • thalamus
127
Q

what does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

A
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem (medulla)
128
Q

what does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

A
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem (pons)
129
Q

what does the basilar artery supply

A

brainstem (midbrain, pons)

130
Q

what does the superior cerebellar artery supply

A
  • cerebellum (superficial)
  • brainstem (midbrain)
131
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A
  • brainstem (midbrain)
  • medial occipital lobe
  • medial temporal lobe
  • limbic lobe
  • hippocampus
  • corpus callosum
  • thalamus

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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