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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Week 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal/superior

A

towards the top of the brain, or surface of the back

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2
Q

ventral/inferior

A

towards the bottom of the brain, or front of the chest

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3
Q

rostral

A

towards the nose (sounds like nostril)

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4
Q

caudal

A

towards the rear

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5
Q

bipeds spinal column

A

up/down

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6
Q

quadrupeds spinal column

A

horizontal

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7
Q

medial

A

towards the midline of the body

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8
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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9
Q

horizontal plane

A

up/down

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10
Q

sagittal plane

A

left/right

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11
Q

coronal plane

A

back/front; perpendicular to sagittal plane

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12
Q

midsagittal

A

directly down the center

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13
Q

parasagittal

A

parallel to sagittal plane

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14
Q

contralateral communication

A

most of our senses decussate to the contralateral hemisphere

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15
Q

ipsilateral communication

A

belonging or occurring on the same side of the body

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16
Q

sensory info coming in from one side of the body will be directed toward the ____ side of the brain

A

contralateral

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17
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body

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18
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A

‘everything else’ = motor/sensory neurons that connect to CNS

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20
Q

what three sections does the brain consist of?

A

cerebrum forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem

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21
Q

what does the cerebrum consist of?

A

two cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

what four sections does the cerebral cortex consist of?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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23
Q

what can gray matter be compared to?

A

the computer

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24
Q

what can white matter be compared to?

A

the wires in a computer sending information

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25
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

corpus callosum

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26
Q

fissures

A

very large sulci like the medial longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into two hemispheres

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27
Q

lissencephalic

A

lack of sulci and gyri

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28
Q

frontal lobe functio

A

executive function, emotion, personality, control of recent memory retrieval

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29
Q

parietal lobe

A

association areas, sensory integration, some language components

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30
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

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31
Q

temporal lobe function

A

hearing and memory

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32
Q

cerebellum function

A

motor control, balance, vestibular functions

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33
Q

brainstem function

A

involuntary systems

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34
Q

primary motor cortex function and location

A

movement; primary motor cortex

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35
Q

Broca’s area function and location

A

production of written and spoken language; frontal lobe

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36
Q

prefrontal cortex function and location

A

executive function; frontal lobe

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37
Q

primary sensory cortex function and location

A

tactile, sensory perception; parietal lobe

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38
Q

inferior portion of parietal lobe function

A

comprehension of language

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39
Q

primary auditory cortex function and location

A

hearing; temporal lobe

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40
Q

Wernicke’s area function and location

A

language comprehension, temporal lobe

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41
Q

hippocampus function and location

A

memory; temporal lobe

42
Q

primary visual cortex function and location

A

vision; occipital lobe

43
Q

limbic lobe function and location

A

drive related behaviors, emotional responses, movement, & memory; encircles the diencephalon

44
Q

what are the first three brain subdivisions?

A

rhombencephalon (hindbrain), mesencephalon, prosencephalon (forebrain)

45
Q

six stages of cellular processes needed for brain development

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. cell migration
  3. differentiation
  4. synaptogenesis
  5. neuronal cell death
  6. synapse rearrangement
46
Q

six stages of cellular processes needed for brain development

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. cell migration
  3. differentiation
  4. synaptogenesis
  5. neuronal cell death
  6. synapse rearrangement
47
Q

two phases of brain development characterized by the loss of structures

A

apoptosis and synapse rearrangement

48
Q

what is the basic mechanism that directs each developing neuron to take on the appropriate structure and function?

A

differentiation; when cells reach their destinations, they express genes to make the proteins they need to acquire their specific appearance and function
- local environment (neighboring cells) influences differentiation

49
Q

what is the significance of generating new neurons in adulthood?

A

neural plasticity

50
Q

what is the process of synapse rearrangement?

A
  • the nervous system refines its neural circuits by eliminating some synapses and strengthening others
  • neural activity plays a central role: synapses that are frequently used are strengthened
  • “neurons that fire together wire together”
  • thinning continues in a caudal — rostral direction, so prefrontal cortex matures last
51
Q

why is synaptic pruning adaptive?

A

inheriting extra trinucleotide repeats may cause mental impairment

52
Q

which evidence shows that visual experience early in life is required to develop normal vision?

A

binocular deprivation results in a loss of dendritic spines and a reduction in synapses in the visual cortex; if deprivation lasts long enough, sight will never be restored

53
Q

what does the prosencephalon develop into in the embryonic brain?

A

telencephalon (forebrain) and diencephalon

54
Q

what does the rhombencephalon develop into in the embryonic brain

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

55
Q

what does the embryonic telencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, basal forebrain

56
Q

what does the embryonic diencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus

57
Q

what does the embryonic mesencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi)

58
Q

what does the embryonic mesencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi)

59
Q

what does the embryonic metencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

cerebellum, pons

60
Q

what does the embryonic myelencephalon develop into in the adult brai?

A

medulla

61
Q

what does the ectoderm become

A

neural plate

62
Q

what does the neural plate become

A

it folds to create the neural groove and ultimately closes to form the neural tube

63
Q

neurulation

A

the formation of the neural tube

64
Q

what does the neural tube develop into after neurulation?

A

spinal cord and brain

65
Q

what are the primary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

66
Q

what are the secondary vesicles?

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

67
Q

what does the neural tube form?

A

the central nervous system

68
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the neural tube?

A

forebrain (prosencephalon, consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

69
Q

neurogenesis

A

production of nerve cells

70
Q

what is the process of neurogenesis?

A
  • nonneural cells divide by mitosis and form the ventricular zone
  • cells eventually leave the ventricular zone and become either neurons or glial cells
71
Q

cell migration

A

massive movement of nerve cells

72
Q

what is the process of cell migration?

A
  • helps to establish distinct nerve cell populations (ex. layers of the cortex)
  • neurons migrate from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to their final destinations in the developing brain, guided by radial glial cells and chemical signals
73
Q

what do radial glial cells do?

A

they guide neurons from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to their final destinations in the developing brain
- span the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

differentiation

A

when cells reach their destinations, they express genes to make the proteins they need to acquire their specific appearance and function
- local environment (neighboring cells) influences differentiation

75
Q

synaptogenesis process

A
  • axonal growth cones (the tips of growing axons) navigate through the extracellular environment to reach their target cells
  • filipodia emerge from growht cones at the tips of axons and dendrites
  • axons are guided by chemicals released by the target cells
76
Q

what chemicals are released by target cells during synaptogenesis?

A

chemoattractants and chemorepellents

77
Q

what do chemoattractants do?

A

attract certain growth cones (eg. cell adhesion molecules)

78
Q

what do chemorepellants do?

A

repel growth cones

79
Q

apoptosis

A

selective elimination of excess neurons and synapses

80
Q

how does apoptosis occur?

A
  • death genes are only expressed when a cell undergoes apoptosis
  • cells that make adequate synapses remain
  • neurons compete for synaptic connections and neurotrophic factors
81
Q

how do neurotrophic factors affect cell growth?

A
  • cells compete for neurotrophic factors (proteins that give cells nutrients), and cells that don’t get these factors will die
82
Q

what happens if apoptosis doesn’t happen?

A

brains get too big

83
Q

what are two neurotrophic factors?

A

nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

84
Q

nerve growth factor

A

produced by targets and taken up by the axons of innervating neurons, keeping them alive

85
Q

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

A

similar to NGF

86
Q

synapse rearrangement

A

the process by which the nervous system refines its neural circuits by eliminating some synapses and strengthening others
- neural activity plays a central role: synapses that are frequently used are strengthened

87
Q

main feature of neural induction

A

production of cells that will become nervous tissue (gastrulation and neurulation)

88
Q

main feature of proliferation phase

A

generation of neurons and glia through cell reproduction

89
Q

main feature of migration phase

A

location of cells in appropriate brain areas

90
Q

main feature of regional specification phase

A

differentiation of neurons into particular types with specific functions

91
Q

main feature of myelination phase

A

ensheathing of neuron axons in fatty covering

92
Q

main feature of synaptogenesis phase

A

formation of appropriate synaptic connections between neurons (communication)

93
Q

main feature of apoptosis phase

A

elimination of mis-located cells and cells that failed to form proper synaptic connections

94
Q

main feature of synaptic pruning phase

A

strengthening synapses in use, removing underused synapses

95
Q

what direction does synaptic pruning occur in?

A

a caudal —> rostral direction, so prefrontal cortex matures last

96
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

normal elimination of synapses after birth is blocked, resulting in mental impairment
- results from inheriting extra trinucleotide repeats in a particular gene on the X chromosome

97
Q

binocular deprivation

A

no light to both eyes; results in a loss of dendritic spines and a reduction in synapses along the visual cortex

98
Q

myelination

A

the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve fibers

99
Q

what happens when axons have reached their final destination?

A

they induce nearby glia to ensheath them in myelin

100
Q

how does myelination affect behavior?

A

allows neuronal networks to communicate rapidly

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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