WEEK 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES/TERMS

Question 1

Explain mood disorders?

Answer 1

Characterized by a constellation of symptoms that cause people significant distress or impairs their everyday functioning.

Question 2

Explain major depressive episode? (MDE)
Symptoms?

Answer 2

Refers to symptoms that occur for at least two weeks and cause significant distress or impairment in functioning such as interfering with work, school, or relationships.
Symptoms include:
- Feeling down, depressed, or anhedonia which is loss of interest or please in things that one typically enjoys.

Question 3

What is the criteria for major depressive episodes (Requires 5 of 9 symptoms)

Answer 3

1) Depressed mode
2) Diminished interest or pleasure in all activities.
3) Insomnia or hypersomnia
4) Significant weight loss or gain
5) Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6) Fatigue or loss of energy
7) Feeling worthless or excessive
8) Diminished ability to concentrate indecisiveness.
9) Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, or suicide attempt

Question 4

Manic or Hypomanic episodes have a criteria of?

Answer 4

Have a core criteria of having a distinct period of abnormally and persistently euphoric, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased goal directed activity of energy.

Question 5

Criteria for manic episodes (Requires 3 of more of the 7 symptoms).

Answer 5

1) Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
2) Increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation.
3) Reduced need for sleep.
4) Racing thoughts of ideas.
5) Distractibility.
6) Increased talkativeness.
7) Excessive involvement in risky behaviors.

Question 6

Explain unipolar mood disorders?

Answer 6

2 major types of unipolar disorders are major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder. MDD is defined by one or more MDEs, but no history of maniac or hypomanic episodes.

Question 7

Criteria for persistent depression disorder?

Answer 7

Feelings of depression most of the day for more than at least two years.

Question 8

Criteria for MDD and PDD require 2 of the 6 symptoms below:

Answer 8

1) Poor appetite or overeating.
2) Insomnia
3) Low energy or fatigue
4) Low-self esteem
5) Poor concentration
6) Feelings of hopelessness

Question 9

Explain bipolar mood disorders

Answer 9

A depressive episode is not necessary but commonly present for the diagnosis of BD 1. Bipolar disorder 2 is characterized by single or recurrent hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Question 10

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 10

Another form of bipolar disorder, characterized by numerous and alternating periods of hypomania and depression, lasting at least two years.

Question 11

What must happen to properly diagnosis a bipolar episode?

Answer 11

To correctly distinguish the difference between bipolar 1 and 2 is asking the patient if they have experienced manic episodes or hypomanic episodes.

Question 12

What happens when bipolar patients are prescribed lithium?

Answer 12

The expected changes include a decrease of dopamine and glutamine and increase of GABA neurotransmitters.

Question 13

What is anxiety?

Answer 13

• Negative apprehensions
• Future oriented
• High physiological arousal
• Regular feeling
• Help us plan, direct energy, and focus.

Question 14

What percentage of females experience generalized anxiety and panic disorder?

Answer 14

GAD: 67% of women
PD: 55% of women

Question 15

Explain PTSD?

Answer 15

• Starts with a traumatic event (combat or sexual assault).
• Followed intrusive memories, nightmares (re-experiencing the event).
• Fear, vigilance.
• Emotional numbing.
• Avoidance of reminders.
• Slightly more common among females for sexual assault.

Question 16

Medication Treatment therapy for OCD: Benzodiazepines

Answer 16

• Act as neurotransmitters GABA, produce feelings of calmness and may help sleep.
• More effective for physiological than psychological symptoms.
• In short-term, fast acting, few side effects.
• Long-term, side effects include impaired memory and cognition, increased anxiety and depression.

Question 17

Symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 17

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized and speech behavior
  Abnormal motor behavior - catatonia - behaviors that seem to reflect a reduction in responsiveness to the external environment.

Question 18

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 18

Anhedonia/amotivation which is a reduction in the drive or ability to take steps or engage in actions necessary to obtain help.

Question 19

Explain delusions?

Answer 19

False beliefs that are often fixed and often culturally influenced in their content.

Question 20

Most common type of delusion?

Answer 20

Persecutory which is the belief that someone or groups are tying to harm them

Question 21

Explain grandiose, referential, and erotomaniac, and guilt delusion?

Answer 21

Grandiose: You think your someone famous.
Referential: Neutral events send warnings like a billboard is telling them something.
Erotomaniac: Believes someone is in love with them.
Guilt: Extreme feelings of remorse that you have done something wrong.

Question 22

Explain hallucinations?

Answer 22

Perceptual experiences that occur even when there is no stimulus in the outside world generating the experiences. The can be auditory, visual, smell, taste, touch etc.

Question 23

Explain disorganized speech?

Answer 23

Speech that is difficult to follow, either because one sentence does not logically follow from another.

Question 24

Explain flat effect?

Answer 24

A reduction in the display of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation.

Question 25

Explain functional capacity

Answer 25

The ability to engage in self-care, work, attend school, and engage in relationships.

Question 26

Explain delusions of reference?

Answer 26

A delusion in which the patient believes that unsuspicious occurrences refers to him/her as a person (song is played on the radio for them).

Question 27

Explain thought control?

Answer 27

The attempt to restrict ideas and impose through censorship

Question 28

Explain Alogia?

Answer 28

A reduction in the amount of speech and or increased pausing before the initiation of speech.

Question 29

Functions of ventral and anterior prefrontal cortex are normally activated when…

Answer 29

Important events happen.

Question 30

Atypical antipsychotics is the most commonly taken drug to…

Answer 30

be taken by someone who developed a series of symptoms that his doctor calls metabolic syndrome.

Question 31

Both typical and atypical antipsychotic medications work by?

Answer 31

Blocking a specific type of dopamine receptor in the brain.