WEEK 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES/TERMS

Question 1

Define adolescents

Answer 1

Often characterized as a period of transformation, primarily, in terms of physical, cognitive, and social relational change.

Question 2

How does puberty begin sooner and adulthood later now?

Answer 2

Ages 3-4 months sooner per decade because of better nutrition, obesity, increased father absence, and other environmental factors.

Question 3

What are physical onsets of adolescence?

Answer 3

For both boys and girls, these changes include growth spurts, pubic and underarm hair, and skin changes.

Question 4

What are cognitive onsets of adolescence?

Answer 4

Major changes in the structure and functioning of the brain occur during adolescence and result in cognitive and behavioral developments.
- Concrete to more abstract and complex thinking.

Question 5

Early in adolescence what changes in the brains dopaminergic system contribute to…

Answer 5

Increase in adolescents sensation-seeking and reward motivation.

Question 6

Later in adolescence, the brains cognitive control centers contribute to…

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex development, which increases adolescents self’ regulation and future orientation.

Question 7

Explain homophily?

Answer 7

Adolescents tend to associate with peers who are similar to themselves

Question 8

Explain deviant peer contagion?

Answer 8

The spread of problem behavior within groups of adolescents. For example, reinforcement of laughing or showing signs of approval to fit in.

Question 9

Explain crowds?

Answer 9

Adolescents peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images.

Question 10

Explain identity formation?
Foreclosure

Answer 10

Foreclosure- occurs when adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities

Question 11

Explain Moratorium

Answer 11

Is a state in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments.

Question 12

Explain Identity achievement

Answer 12

Occurs when individuals have explored different options and then made identity commitments.

Question 13

What is Patterson’s early versus late starter model of development of aggressiveness and antisocial behavior?

Answer 13

Distinguishes youths whose antisocial behavior begins during childhood (early starters) versus adolescence (late starters). According to the theory, early starters are at greater risk for long-term antisocial behavior that extends into adulthood. Later starters who become antisocial during adolescence are theorized to experience poor parental monitoring and supervision, aspects of parenting become more salient during adolescence. Poor monitoring and lack of supervision contributes to increasing involvement with deviant peers, which in turn promotes adolescent antisocial behavior.

Question 14

Explain differential susceptibility?

Answer 14

These are genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences.

Question 15

What does the theory of emerging adulthood propose?

Answer 15

A new life stage arises between adolescence and young adulthood over the past-half century in industrialized countries.

Question 16

The five features of emerging adulthood?

Answer 16

1) The age of identity exploration.
2) The age of instability.
3) The self-focused age.
4) The age of feeling in-between
5) The age of possibilities.

Question 17

Explain the economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries.

Answer 17

Members of the organization, is comprised of the worlds wealthiest countries.

Question 18

Explain tertiary education?

Answer 18

Education or training beyond secondary school, usually taking place in a college, university, or vocational training program.

Question 19

Explain Heterogeneity?

Answer 19

Individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change overtime.

Question 20

What is the life course theory?
(Events)

Answer 20

Theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age-related life events and social roles. Additionally, considers the lifelong effects of membership in specific cohorts and sociocultural subgroups and exposure to historical events.

Question 21

What is the life span theory?

Answer 21

Theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within- and between - person differences in the shape, level, and rate of trajectories. (t suggests that development is a continuous process influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. This theory emphasizes that individuals go through different stages of development, each with its own challenges and milestones, and that these stages build upon one another).

Question 22

Intra and Inter differences in development?

Answer 22

Different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra) or between individuals (INTER).

Question 23

Life course and life span researchers generally rely upon which studies?

Answer 23

Longitudinal studies, to examine hypothesis about different patterns of aging with the effects of biogenetic, life history, social and personal factors.
Cross-sectional studies provide information about age-group differences, but these are confounded with cohort, time of study and historical effects.

Question 24

Psychometric has identified to categories of intelligence, what are they?

Answer 24

Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence

Question 25

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 25

Refers to information processing abilities, such as logical reasoning, remembering lists, spatial ability, and reaction time

Question 26

What is crystalized intelligence?

Answer 26

Abilities that draw upon experience and knowledge. Measures of crystallized intelligence include vocabulary tests, solving number problems, and understanding texts