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PSYC 201 > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Define group

A
  • a collection of individuals who have relationships to each other that make them interdependent to some significant degree
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2
Q

Purposes of group living

A
  • protection from predators
  • efficiency in acquiring food
  • assistance with rearing children
  • defense against human aggressors
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3
Q

Social facilitation

A
  • the effect of presence of others on performance
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4
Q

Evidence supporting that having people around enhances performance

A
  • Triplett - brought 40 kids and had them turn fishing reels as fast as they could
  • they turned reels faster when they were around other kids doing the same thing
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5
Q

Evidence supporting that having people around impedes performance

A
  • Allport - students asked to refute philosophical arguments as best as they could in a 5 min period, they did better when working alone than with a group of
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6
Q

When does social facilitation occur?

A
  • when a task is simple or well-learned.
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7
Q

Dominant response

A
  • the most likely response of an individual that is in a person’s hierarchy of possible responses in any context
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8
Q

Zajonc’s model of social facilitation

A
  • when the mere presence of others acts as arousal, which causes an increase in dominant response tendencies
  • depending on wether its simple task or difficult, performance is facilitated, or is impaired.
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9
Q

Micheals et al study

A
  • researchers secretly watched pool players who were playing alone at a student union; rated as “skilled” or “unskilled”

•The researchers then walked up to the pool table and watched them

•Skilled players started playing better

•Unskilled players started playing worse

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10
Q

Why does social facilitation occur?

A
  • Evaluation apprehension - we dont wanna look bad, so if others can evaluate us, we have increased arousal
  • mere presence - simply having other people around makes us very alert and vigilant, and we need to be able to act fast.
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11
Q

Social lofting

A
  • exerting less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored because other people are around
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12
Q

Free riders

A
  • people who benefit from the group give little in return.
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13
Q

Culture/gender differences in social loafing

A
  • women do it less than men
  • east asains do it less than westerners
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14
Q

Groupthink

A

A style of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering facts realistically.

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15
Q

Elements of Janis’ groupthink hypothesis

A
  • antecedent conditions
  • motivation
  • symptoms of groupthink
  • symptoms of defective decision making
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16
Q

Even if a group’s most important goal is a correct decision, individual members may be more concerned with what? (4)

A
  • being judged by others
  • pleasing the leader
  • not hurting other people’s feelings
  • avoiding responsibility if things go wrong
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17
Q

Examples of antecedent conditions

A
  • directive leadership
  • high cohesiveness
  • lack of procedures for info search and appraisal.
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18
Q

How was JFK and the Bay of pigs an example of groupthink?

A
  • many serious flaws present, as top advisors were unwilling to challenge bad ideas cus it might disturb perceived group agreement - but they still approved it.
  • shows that logical thinking was not in play. - it was mainly how advisors perceived that info - cohesive thinking overrides logical thinking.
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19
Q

How do you prevent groupthink?

A
  • group leaders need to remain impartial. - members try to please them if they make their opinions known
  • group members must seek divergent opinions
  • create subgroups that meet separately beforehand
  • seek anonymous opinions.
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20
Q

Group polarization

A

Group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals - people are more inclined to go in the direction they are already inclined to go

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21
Q

Moscovici and Zavalloni

A
  • French participants expressed opinions about (a) General Charles DeGaulle and (b) Americans
    •First, individually
    •Then, as a group
    •The group opinion of CDG was even more positive as a group
    •The group opinion of Americans was even more negative as a group

•Group polarization more likely occurs when individuals already have strong opinions

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22
Q

Why does group polarization occur?

A
  • when people share their ideas, everyone gets exposed to new arguments
  • you probably dont think of all possible argument in favor of your opinion, so these new arguments will strengthen your original opinion.
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23
Q

Why does group polarisation occur in context of social comparison?

A
  • if the decision is risky, you wanna think you were slightly riskier than the avg person.
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24
Q

What problems do hierarchies solve for living?

A
  • provide rules for dividing resources
  • Guide group discussion and decision making
  • provide order
  • motivated selfless action
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25
Q

How do leaders benefit their group?

A
  • provide skills and expertise
  • socially skilled
  • extroverted
  • emotional intelligent
  • generous/selfless
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26
Q

Elements of power

A
  • power
  • status
  • authority
  • dominance
27
Q

Approach-inhibition theory of power

A
  • power comes with a sense of control and freedom
    Eg high power would be taking quick actions and approaches, sometimes rash, whereas low power would be inaction, careful judgments, inhibition etc
28
Q

What is the influence of power on perceptions?

A

Powerful people:
- stereotype more
- less accurate in judging emotions
- power explains gender differences in empathic accuracy
- are more flexible in their thoughts and are better able to shift attention between tasks.

29
Q

Characteristics of high power individuals

A
  • less likely to take other people’s perspectives
  • less careful in judging others
  • less emotional intelligence
30
Q

Characteristics of low-power people

A
  • less likely to speak up and more likely to inhibit their speech
  • more likely go make careful judgments
31
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • a reduced sense of individual identity within a group, diminished sense of individual responsibility and increased chance of impulsive behaviour
32
Q

What can happen in deindividuation in a large group

A
  • lower chance of a person being singled out
  • people feel less accountable for actions
  • there is more compliance to group norms
33
Q

Zimbardo’s model of deindividuation

A
34
Q

Spotlight

A

The assumption that our own appearance and behaviors are being carefully evaluated by others at all time, when in fact, most of the time they aren’t

35
Q

Spotlight effect study

A

Participants arrived individually; asked to put on an unflattering t-shirt with a large image of Barry Manilow

•They then had to enter another room with a group of students filling out questionnaires; left the room shortly after

•What percent of those other students would remember what was on your shirt?

•What they thought: 50%

•How many really remembered: 25%

36
Q

Aggression

A

Any action with the intent to harm

37
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Motivated by anger, hostility, or genuinely wanting to hurt others

38
Q

Instrumental aggression

A
  • motivated by something other than hostility, like wanting to get attention
39
Q

Situational determinants of aggression (5)

A
  • hot weather
  • video games/media
  • weapon presence
  • social rejection
  • income inequality
40
Q

Dehumanization

A

Tendency to attribute nonhuman characteristics to outgroup members

41
Q

2 types of dehumanization

A
  • human nature - qualities that distinguish us from inanimate objects
  • human uniqueness - things that distinguish us from other nonhuman species
42
Q

How does dehumanization increase aggression?

A
  • its easier to harm others who are seen as less human - eg using dehumanizing language in things like ‘illegal aliens’
43
Q

Catharsis

A
  • the release of a strong emotion, like anger, to purge oneself of the impulse to behave inappropriately
44
Q

WHY is aggression heightened when the wether is hot

A
  • increased temp = increased arousal, acts as a primer for anger and aggression
45
Q

When is violent behavior increased when people are exposed to media violence

A
  • when people identify with perpetrator
  • violence is portrayed against bad people
46
Q

Media violence limits in lab setting

A
  • measure of aggression (electric shocks) dont mimic real world examples
  • studies only capture short term effects on aggression
  • contradictory results
47
Q

How does social rejection increase aggression

A

It activates a threat defense system - increasing cortisol, distress etc, as it a strong evolutionary benefit to social groups puts pressure on those who are not in them.

48
Q

How does income inequality increase aggression

A
  • might pressure males into fiercer competitions for access to economic resources and mates
  • social rejection - people at the bottom tend to feel left out
  • lack of cohesion - creates an us vs them mentality
49
Q

What are the construal processes that have a role in aggression

A
  • anger
  • dehumanization
  • distancing from the causes of aggression
50
Q

;Once anger, what do people tend to do

A
  • think that:
  • things are more unfair
  • have more negative intentions towards them
  • of more ways of inflicting harm onto others
51
Q

Underlying theory of anger affecting aggression

A
  • the effects of anger influence the way we construe certain things - so situational determinants will produce aggression only when angry
52
Q

What is the role of loyalty in dehumanization

A
  • more likely to dehumanize others when we feel strongly committed to a social group, even if benign
53
Q

What is a culture of honor

A
  • when its members have a strong concern about their reputation for toughness etc.
54
Q

What can a culture of honor lead to?

A
  • a hypersensitivity of insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge anything that is perceived as an insult, or wrong.
55
Q

How is evolution linked to aggression?

A
  • men have to compete for resources more
  • behaviors of parental care can help offspring survive - increasing inclusive fitness
56
Q

Link between gender and aggression

A
  • Men tend to be more violent than women - accounting for most rape, murder and assault arrests.
  • whereas women are more relationally aggressive
  • men are also socialized to be more aggressive physically - eg parents, media, social institutions
57
Q

Precarious Manhood hypothesis

A
  • a union of cultural and evolutionary perspectives
58
Q

What do men tend to do when there is a perceived threat to their masculinity

A
  • take public action to prove masculinity
  • competition, status contests, violence etc make male identities elusive and tenuous.
59
Q

What does dehumanization justify?

A
  • aggression
60
Q

What problems arise from misperception and polarisation construals - that dehumanization justifies things

A
  • leads people to think that conflict is polarized, it causes them to overlook common ground
  • reactive devaluation
61
Q

Reactive devaluation

A
  • A bias that attaches little value to any offer made by the counterpart in a feud
62
Q

Why are 3 examples of how reconciliation and communication can reduce conflict/negative emotion

A
  • imaging act of forgiveness reduces cortisol
  • actual apologizing and forgiving can help mend relationships
  • chimps share reconciliation tendencies
63
Q

How is restorative justice helpful for victims

A
  • they report fewer thoughts of revenge
  • they are twice as likely to forgive
  • twice as likely to say that the justice system is fair

PSYC 201 (13 decks)

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