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PSYC 201 > Final Study Guide Flashcards > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Which study demonstrates:
ISI
NSI

A
  • NSI: line study, Asch.
  • ISI: Auto-kinetic effect study - pps asked how much the light moved.
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2
Q

In what context are men an women more likely to conform?

A
  • women conform a little more in all contexts, but more so in face to face interactions
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3
Q

What is the foot in the door technique

A
  • making an initial, small request then following that up with a larger, more desired request.
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4
Q

What does it mean to internalize an opinion?
Which type of SI does it occur in?
Does NSI involve internalization?

A
  • it means to make a group ideal into our own private thoughts - we agree with a group ideal privately, and in public
  • ISI
  • no, NSI includes only temporary changes in thinking until you are actually in that group context
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5
Q

What is the door in the face technique? Give an example

A
  • make an initially large request, then following it up with a more desired modest request
  • eg asking for a car, then asking to go out with friends
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6
Q

What factors can be manipulated to reduce rates of obedience? (Asch + Milgram)

A
  • change proximity
  • make teacher closer to learner
  • make scientist further away from teacher

Asch:
- reduce rates of obedience by introducing a dissenter.

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7
Q

What are tight-loose cultures?

A
  • some cultures tolerate deviance from social norms (loose) some don’t (tight)
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8
Q

Did Pps try to end the study in the Milgram study?

A
  • No, scientist had phrases to use when pps were hesitant to shock
  • 66% went up to the full 450V
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9
Q

What is the accuracy motive?

A
  • ISI: you have the desire to be right
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10
Q

When is automatic mimicry most likely to occur?

A
  • unconsciously, with people high in empathy or high in need to affiliate with others
  • either when we are thinking about an action, or when we see others behave in a particular way, that behavior is brought to mind (ideomotor action)
  • or preparation for social interaction - might build social support + more pleasant social interactions
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11
Q

What is the negative state relief hypothesis?

A

You comply with a request to get rid of your negative mood.

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12
Q

What is positive mood maintenance?

A
  • you comply with a request to maintain your positive mood
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13
Q

What is the mere exposure effect? Why does it occur?

A
  • the more you’re exposed to something, the more you like it
  • Why:
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14
Q

Describe results of Harlow study (monkeys)

A
  • monkeys proffered cloth covered mother who didn’t have food vs wire mother who did have food
  • suggests that contact comfort is more important to monkeys than food asa drive for attachment.
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15
Q

Why are there gender differences in mate preferences? How do they vary by category of explanation?

A
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16
Q

Communal relationship

A
  • tend to be long term, not based on equal exchange between parties.
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17
Q

Exchange relationship

A
  • tend to be short term, have to have equal ratio between parties on what is given and taken
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18
Q

Roles of anxiety and avoidance in attachment

A
  • anxiety influences the amount of fear and rejection, abandonment in relationships
  • avoidance: influences level of comfort with intimacy
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19
Q

Social exchange theory

A
  • people tend to seek out interactions that have more reward than cost, or have the smallest amount of excess cost.
  • people are motivated to maximize their own feelings of satisfaction
  • people seek out rewards in interactions with others and are willing to pay certain costs to get them.
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20
Q

What is the role of functional distance in friendship formation? Proximity? How does it apply to cross racial friendships?

A
  • functional distance: ho close you are to someone in terms of interaction opportunities.
  • increases chance of interacting with people.
  • applies largest to cross racial friendships, as people are more likely to seek out friendships in people they think they are most similar to.
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21
Q

What is most likely to lead to dissatisfaction in relationships?

A
  • neuroticism - negative emotionality
  • rejection sensitivity - respond negatively to the partner
  • young age
  • low socioeconomic status

OR
- relationship satisfaction (intimacy)
- quality of alternatives
- investment

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22
Q

What are the components of the investments model of commitment?

A
  • relationship satisfaction
  • quality of alternatives
  • investment
23
Q

The different types of attachment and what they are

A
  • secure: comfortable with intimacy, want to be close to others
  • anxious-ambivalent: excessive closeness during threat, constant worries about relationship
  • anxious-avoidant: prefers distance, hates intimacy, dismissive and detaches during threat.
24
Q

When are people most likely to stereotype according to social identity theory?

A
  • when their own self esteem is threatened.
25
Q

Give examples of:
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
(In one context)

A
  • belief - brown people are all mean
  • attitude - I don’t like aakash, and he’s brown, so he just be mean
  • behavior: not giving service to brown people because you think they’re mean
26
Q

What is modern racism and how is it different from traditional racism?

A
  • modern racism is not as obvious and expressed often in publicly acceptable ways, whereas traditional racism is use of blatant discriminatory words and actions against a group of individuals.
27
Q

Main takeaway from Gaertner and Dovido study?

A
  • white pps told they would interact with 1 person or group
  • all were seated in individual rooms and spoke through intercom system
  • suddenly one person had medical emergency, was either black or white
  • most helped when it was 1 person, but most help the white victim not black victim.
  • takeaway: if you don’t help, clearly racist when it’s individual, but in group, it because there are others there who will.
28
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A
  • researchers creating groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria to see if they can get people to develop intergroup bias as a result.
  • they found that people tend to prefer their in group, even when these group distinctions were meaningless, eg people are more interested in maximizing relative gain for members of in group that maximum absolute gain for in group
29
Q

Do people tend to want relative gain or absolute gain?

A
  • relative gain for their in group is prioritized over absolute gain for in group.
30
Q

What is realistic group conflict theory?

A
  • when groups compete for limited resources, these groups face conflict, prejudice and discrimination
31
Q

The belief that women need to be protected is an example of what?

A
  • benevolent sexism
32
Q

What happened to black students’ self esteem when they thought a white observer was watching them? What about when they were not watching them? (Crocker 1991)

A
  • less likely to experience changes in their self esteem hen they received positive feedback
  • self esteem was similarly protected when negative feedback was given
33
Q

What happens when we think of people in our outgroup vs in group in terms of similarity?

A
34
Q

How can we foster cohesion during intergroup conflict?

A
  • by forcing groups to work together and depend on each other.
35
Q

How to prevent groupthink?

A
  • impartial leaders
  • group members seeking divergent opinions
  • creating subgroups that meet separately beforehand
  • anonymous ballots
36
Q

Who makes better decisions: groups, or individuals, and under what circumstances?

A
  • in situations where problem has precise factual answer, groups make better decisions
37
Q

Aim of the Halloween mayhem study
Findings of the study

A
  • to find out wether deindividuation would affect behavior
  • found that children who were not asked their names led to stealing of more candy than children who were not asked their names.
38
Q

When do we perform better in front of others? When do we perform worse? Explain

A
  • (social facilitation)
  • when we are skilled at sm, we perform better in front of others, but if we are not skilled in sm, we perform worse than others.
39
Q

Spotlight effect
Give an example

A
  • when people think that their own appearance and behaviors are being scrutinized by others all the time, but they are not.
40
Q

What is social loafing?

A

When people exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they work alone - when they feel less accountable for an outcome in a group setting.

41
Q

What was the purpose of the study where pps drew an E on their forehead? What were the findings?

A
  • the pps were primed with power/powerless
  • when feeling powerful, pps less likely to draw a reversed E on their forehead so that it wa easy for another person to read
  • purpose was to examine perspective taking and self awareness in social interactions
42
Q

What is group polarization?

A
  • group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals - people are more inclined to go in the direction that are already inclined to go.
43
Q

When is suicide baiting more likely to occur?

A
  • greater anonymity
  • more likely at night
  • greater distance between crowd and individual
  • large group size
44
Q

Situational determinants of aggression

A

Hot weather
Media and video games
Weapon presence
Social rejection
Income inequality

45
Q

What is inclusive fitness and what is an example of when this occurs?

A

Behavior of parental care help offspring survive, which increases inclusive fitness
- looking out for ourselves and our offspring, and our close relatives so we can survive to pass on genes to future generations
Eg: parents protect child from harmful behavior, child survives long enough to pass on genes to their own offspring

46
Q

Difference between hostile and instrumental aggression? When do each of these occur?

A
47
Q

Dehumanization

A
48
Q

According to culture of honor, what region of people are most easily insulted in the US?

A
49
Q

What happened to after northern and southern men were bumped and insulted in the study?

A
50
Q

What is the precarious manhood hypothesis?

A
51
Q

How can we reduce anger when we feel it?

A
52
Q

Results of the weapons and anger study?

A
53
Q

What is the relationship between complexity of reasoning and conflict resolution?

A
54
Q

Why does group polarization occur?

A
  • persuasive arguments account - you hear of new ideas with other people - they strengthen your original opinion.
  • social comparison account: if decision calls for a risky choice, you wanna think you were slightly riskier than the average person.

PSYC 201 (14 decks)

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