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PSYC 201 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Social psychology

A
  • study of the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of individuals in social situations
  • how people think about influence and relate to each other.
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2
Q

Describe Kurt Lewin’s hypothesis

A
  • the behavior of people is always a function of the field of forces in which they find themselves.
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3
Q

Describe the results and methodology of the good samaritain by Darley and Batson

A
  • seminary students asked to give a sermon and given a specific route.
  • they either had plenty of time, or told they needed to hurry.
  • on the route, pops were tested on wether they would help a man, or not.
    Findings: a higher proportion of. Of people
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4
Q

Define the Fundamental attribution error

A
  • the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior and the corresponding tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on behavior.
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5
Q

Define channel factor

A
  • situational circumstances that can have great consequences on social influence, even though it may seem insignificant (eg: white coat in the Milgram experiment)
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6
Q

Define Gestalt psychology

A

People perceive objects by actively, usually unconsciously interpretation of what the object represents as a whole, not by automatic registering device.

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7
Q

Define construal

A

Perception of something, includes some interpretation by the mind.

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8
Q

Define Schema

A

Knowledge structure consisting of a framework/any organized body of stored information

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9
Q

Define a stereotypes

A

Are schemas applied to people/individuals
- usually beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group.

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10
Q

Compare automatic and controlled processing

A
  • usually consists of concious vs unconscious thought, along with speed, control, effort and ability. (More with controlled, and less with automatic)
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11
Q

Describe how psychology has been influenced by natural selection

A
  • he idea that social norms/behaviours have been shaped by its advantage of survival, eg attachment, or age status.
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12
Q

Define theory of mind

A

The ability to understand others’ mental states, beliefs, desires and intentions to anticipate people’s responses

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13
Q

Define naturalistic fallacy

A
  • the idea that the way things are is the way they should be.
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14
Q

Describe aspects of indépendant cultures

A
  • conception of the self as distinct from others.
  • need for individual distinctiveness
  • preference for achieved status based on accomplishments
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15
Q

Describe aspects of indépendant cultures

A
  • conception of the self as distinct from others.
  • need for individual distinctiveness
  • preference for achieved status based on accomplishments
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16
Q

Describe aspects of interdépendant cultures

A
  • perception of self as intertwined with others
  • preference for collective action
    Desire for harmonious relations within a group
    Acceptance of hierarchy based on age status or other
17
Q

Define Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to be overconfident about whether a given outcome could’ve been predicted.

18
Q

Describe how ideas in social psychology are tested

A
  • researcher searches for a problem
  • formulates a testable hypothesis
  • a study is designed to test that hypothesis, helping to collect data
19
Q

Describe how ideas are tested in social psychology (2)

A
  • statistical methods are used to test wether data is consistent with the hypothesis
  • the study is reported to the scientific community, submitting a manuscript describing what was done and what was found etc
20
Q

Define a theory
Describe the characteristics of a theory

A
  • a set statements/propositions to describe some phenomena of the world
  • are supported by empirical evidence
21
Q

Define a hypothesis

A

A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances.
- often test broader theories about behavior.

22
Q

Define basic research

A
  • concerned with trying to understand some phenomena in its own right
23
Q

Define applied research

A
  • is concerned with solving real world problems
24
Q

Describe archival research

A
  • analyzing social behaviours documented in past behaviours, can be used to test theories about social behaviour.
25
Q

Describe characteristics of a survey

A
  • interviews/written questionnaires
  • results may be limited if sample is biased
  • relatively small sample may be representative of population if sample is unbiased.
26
Q

Describe the differences between the population and sample

A
  • population is a specified group of people you are interested in studying
  • sample is a subset of your population
27
Q

Describe characteristics of correlational research

A
  • correlation doesn’t equal causation
  • self selection: can introduce a confounding variable
  • o inference of causation: X may cause Y, OR Y may cause X
28
Q

Define. Spurious correlation

A
  • when 2 variables appear strongly correlated, but are not (eg divorce rates vs margarine consumption)
29
Q

Describe experimental research

A
  • systematically controls and manipulates events - may determine causality
30
Q

What are some basic ideas of experimental research

A
  • conditions are controlled or manipulated
  • behaviors systematically measured
  • random assignment
  • comparisons of different manipulations affect behavior allow to determine the causal influences of behavior.
31
Q

What are the limitations of true experiments

A
  • some variables can’t be randomly assigned
  • some variables would be unethical to randomly assign
  • often practical limitations
32
Q

Define internal validity

A
  • the confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced results
33
Q

Define external validity

A

The extent to which experimental results can be generalized to real life situations

34
Q

Define reliability

A
  • the degree to which measurements are consistent over time
35
Q

Define measurement validity

A
  • the degree to which you are measuring what you want to measure.
36
Q

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A
  • a theory is a general set of shared assumptions that is backed up by empirical evidence
  • A hypothesis though, is an educated prediction of the outcome of results made before an experiment.
37
Q

Define internal validity

A
  • the confidence with which we can say that manipulation of the IV caused the measured changes in the DV.
38
Q

What is a limitation of experimental research?

A
  • some variables can’t be randomly assigned.

PSYC 201 (13 decks)

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