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Medicine Year 1 > Week 119 - Shoulder trauma > Flashcards

Week 119 - Shoulder trauma Flashcards

Week 119

1
Q

why does vit c deficiency cause scurvy?

A

cofactor for hydroxylases

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2
Q

what analgesic provides retrograde amnesia?

A

midazolam

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3
Q

what amino acids are primarily found in collagen?

A

lysine and proline

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4
Q

why is the shoulder commonly dislocated?

A

unstable

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5
Q

what is an example of a disease involving mutations in type 1 collagen

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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6
Q

a tear in what can cause pain in the shoulder?

A

glenoid labrum

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7
Q

what is an example of a disease involving mutations in type 2 collagen

A

chondrodysplasia

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8
Q

what type of dislocation is caused from the division of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments

A

acromioclavicular dislocation

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9
Q

what is an example of a disease involving mutations in type 3 collagen

A

ehlers-danlos syndrome

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10
Q

what is prominent from a AC dislocation?

A

distal clavicle

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11
Q

what would a patient present with if they had osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

weak bones

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12
Q

where do clavicle fractures usually occur?

A

lateral end

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13
Q

what would a patient present with if they had chrondodysplasia?

A

abnormal cartilage, joint and bone deformities

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14
Q

what type of dislocation is common from a high energy injury like a road traffic accident?

A

sternoclavicular dislocation

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15
Q

what would a patient present with if they had ehlers danlos syndrome?

A

fragile skin, blood vessels, hypermobile joints

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16
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatous infraspinatous teres minor subscapularis

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17
Q

extracellular matrix is also made up of what else apart from collagen

A

proteoglycan and non-collagenous proteins

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18
Q

what is the action of supraspinatous

A

abduction

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19
Q

what non-collagenous protein stimulates bone/cartilage formation?

A

bone morphogenic proteins

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20
Q

what is the action of infraspinatous

A

lateral rotation

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21
Q

what non-collagenous protein regulates bone mineralisation?

A

osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin

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22
Q

what is the action of teres minor

A

lateral roation

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23
Q

what type of bone is where crystals lie inside the collagen fibrils?

A

lamellar bone

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24
Q

what is the action of subscapularis

A

medial roation

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25
Q

what type of bone is where crystals lie outside the collagen fibrils?

A

woven bone

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26
Q

what nerve innervates supraspinatous

A

suprascapular nerve

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27
Q

what type of bone is unmineralised

A

osteoid bone

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28
Q

what nerve innervates infraspinatous

A

suprascapular nerve

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29
Q

rickett’s and osteomalacia are examples of disease involving what malfunction in osteoid?

A

doesn’t calcify

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30
Q

what nerve innervates teres minor

A

axillary nerve

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31
Q

name the cell - precursor cell which differentiates into bone forming cells

A

osteoprogenitor

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32
Q

what nerve innervates subscapularis

A

subscapular nerve

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33
Q

name the cell - deposits osteoid and controls mineralisation

A

osteoblast

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34
Q

posterior shoulder dislocation is important because of?

A

major vessels

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35
Q

name the cell - become surrounded by newly formed bone and are derived from osteoblasts

A

osteocyte

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36
Q

what investigation can be performed is there is suspected damage from a dislocation?

A

CT

37
Q

name the cell - involved in bone resorption

A

osteocyte

38
Q

which rotator cuff muscle is only responsible for 15 degrees of movement in abduction?

A

supraspinatus

39
Q

what are the cavities called in which osteocytes reside in bone?

A

lacunae

40
Q

if a patient cannot externally rotate their shoulder far what condition does it indicate

A

frozen shoulder

41
Q

what structures link lacunae together

A

canaliculi

42
Q

restriction of active movements during assessment of the shoulder suggest pathology of what?

A

rotator cuff muscles

43
Q

where does bone mineralisation homeostasis take place?

A

spongey bone

44
Q

restriction of active and passive movements during assessment of the shoulder suggest pathology of what?

A

shoulder joint itself

45
Q

what is a distinctive pattern of arranged lamellae around a central canal

A

haversian system/osteon

46
Q

what test is done for impingement of the shoulder?

A

hawkins-kennedy

47
Q

what is composed of chondrocytes within ECM rich with proteoglycans?

A

cartilage

48
Q

what is shoulder impingement?

A

impingement of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles causing inflammation

49
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage made up of?

A

hyaline

50
Q

what test suggests capsulitis

A

scarf test

51
Q

what type of cartilage forms growth plates?

A

hyaline

52
Q

what test is used for shoulder instability/anterior dislocation?

A

apprehensive test

53
Q

what type of cartilage links the ends of ribs to the sternum?

A

hyaline

54
Q

a patient presents with shoulder pain and the inability to perform overhead activities, they are also finding it difficult to sleep

A

impingement

55
Q

what type of cartilage has elastic fibres scattered in the ECM?

A

elastic

56
Q

thickening of the joint capsule

A

adhesive capsulitis

57
Q

what type of cartilage forms the annulus fibrosa of the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

58
Q

what clinical features can present with impingement?

A

bony spurs

59
Q

what are catilage cells called?

A

chrondocytes

60
Q

shoulder pain can also be the result of referred pain from which nerve root?

A

C5

61
Q

why does articular cartilage lack a perichondrium

A

compression would occlude vessels

62
Q

adhesive capsulitis is associated with what chronic condition?

A

diabtes

63
Q

which zone of cartilage is first degraded in OA?

A

superficial zone of uncalcified cartilage

64
Q

What is the large, aggregating proteoglycan that is present in cartilage and that traps water?

A

aggrecan

65
Q

Why is the trapping of water by this proteoglycan important for the mechanical properties of the tissue?

A

gives the joint ability to resist compressive loads

66
Q

What is the name of the cavity in which a chondrocyte lies (similar to an osteocyte)?

A

lacuna

67
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

epiglottis, ear

68
Q

Where else is fibrocartilage found?

A

ligament/tendon enthesis

69
Q

what causes impaired collaegn synthesis?

A

vit c deficiency

70
Q

what is the main analgesic used in a dislocated shoulder injury?

A

morphine

71
Q

what condition is caused by impaired collagen sysnthesis?

A

scurvy

72
Q

what is the condition described by when two articular surfaces are partly in contact and presents with symptoms of dislocation

A

sublaxation

73
Q

what investigation can be used to look into a joint?

A

arthroscopy

74
Q

what is bone ECM primarily made up of?

A

collagen type 1

75
Q

what is the critical component in a dislocation?

A

force

76
Q

what four factors of force are important in a dislocation?

A

magnitude, direction, speed and duration

77
Q

what secretes collagen type 1?

A

osteoblasts

78
Q

what nerve can be damaged from a dislocated shoulder?

A

axillary nerve

79
Q

What is a Hill?Sachs lesion?

A

a depression in the posterolateral head of theÿhumerus bone

80
Q

Muscles effected in Erb?s palsy?

A

Abductors and external rotators of the shoulder are affected

81
Q

Where is the weakest position for the shoulder joint?

A

abducted to 90 degrees and externally rotated

82
Q

Signs of Klumpke?s paralysis?

A

Ulnar claw hand deformity

83
Q

Signs of Erb?s palsy?

A

Waiters tip deformaty. Arm medially rotated, the forearm is extended and pronated

84
Q

What is Klumpke?s paralysis?

A

Lower Brachial Plexus: C8-T1 injury

85
Q

What is a Bankart lesion?

A

an injury of the anterior (inferior) glenoid labrum of the shoulder

86
Q

What is Erb?s palsy?

A

Upper Brachial Plexus: C5-C6 injured

87
Q

What is the most common side effect of a shoulder disslocation?

A

Trapping of the auxillary nerve

88
Q

What is a common side effect of a trapped auxillary nerve

A

Loss of sensation in the skin over a small part of the lateral upperÿarmÿ(an area known as the regimental badge/patch)

Medicine Year 1 (39 decks)

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