Week 102 Swollen Finger Flashcards
Examples of Beta Lactams
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbepenems
Examples of Glycopeptides
Vancomycin Teicoplanin
Examples of Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin
Mechanism of action of Metronidazole?
DNA damage by forming reactive intermediates that inhibit DNA (nucleic acid) synthesis.
Mechanism of action of Rifampicin?
Inhibit RNA polymerase to prevent transcription of mRNA (inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis)
Examples of tetracyclines?
Tetracycline Doxycycline
Examples of aminoglycosides?
Gentamycin
Examples of macrolides
Clarithyromycin Erythromycin
Mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?
Inhibits transpeptidaion. Attaches to ribosome.
Which antibiotics have antimetabolite activity?
Trimethoprim Sulphonamides
Which Antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall?
Beta-Lactams Vancomycin
What is an antibiotic?
A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria
Which antibiotics disrupt nucleic acid synthesis?
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin) Metronidazole Rifampicin
Which antibiotics disrupt protein synthesis?
Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics have a minimum inhibitory concentration?
Trimethoprim Sulphanomides
What factors give antibiotics specificity against bacterial cells only?
No human peptidoglycan layer Different sized ribosomes Structurally different enzymes
What is meant by the term “ minimum inhibitory concentration “ ?
The lowest concentration of an anti bacterial agent that will inhibit the visible growth of a micro organism
Name two time dependant antibiotics
Beta-Lactams Vancomycin
Name two concentration dependant antibiotics
Aminoglycosides Quinolones
What is the method of action of beta lactams?
These inhibit cross linking in the bacterial peptidoglycan layer.
How do glycopeptides work?
They prevent the release of building block units from the bacterial cell membrane, which in turn prevents the production of the peptidoglycan layer.
How do quinolones work?
They inhibit the DNA Gyrase enzyme to prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA
How does metronidazole work?
Damages bacterial DNA, forming reactive intermediates that inhibit DNA synthesis.
What is the method of action of Rifampicin?
Inhibits RNA polymerase to inhibit the transcription of mRNA.
What is the method of action of tetracyclines?
Binds to the 30s subunit of the ribosome, actively with competing with tRNA for the binding site.
What is the method of action of aminoglycosides?
Enter bacterial cells via OXYGEN DEPENDENT transport system, binds to 30s subunit of the ribosome, causing misreading of mRNA and non functional proteins.
How does chloramphenicol work?
Inhibits Transpeptidation.
How do macrolides work?
Binds to 50s sub unit and inhibits translocation.
How do sulphonamides work?
They inhibit dihydrofolate synthase, thereby preventing folate synthesis.
How does trimethoprim work?
This inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
What type of MHC would a CD+8 (natural killer T cell) attach to?
MHC1
When a CD+8 attaches to an infected cell it causes clonal expansion through which cytokine?
IL-2
CD+8 T cells release cytotoxic granules to cause what in the infected cell?
Apoptosis
B cells can be activated directly by antigens and also indirectly by ______?
T Helper Cells
Name some antigen presenting cells.
Dendritic cells, macrophages, certain B cells
Describe T cell dependent activation of a B cell.
B cell receptor interacts with antigen Presents on MHC 2 A Th2 CD4+ cross links with B cell T cell secretes cytokines (IL2, IL4) –> activating B cell. Trigger B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells –> AKA B cell activation
What type of receptor does a CD +4 th1 attach to?
MH2 (Major histocompatability complex 2)
A CD+4 Th1 produces IFN- gamma to signal which cell class?
Macrophages
A ____ produces IL-4 and IL-2 and provides help for B cells i.. allowing them to proliferate.
CD+4 Th2
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Left subclavian vein
What does the lymph do other than recycle blood plasma? Clue* it’s in the gut.
Fatty acid/lacteal transport in the small intestine.
In which part of the small intestine would you find the following? What are they called?
Peyer’s Patch
What makes up Waldeyer’s tonsilar ring?
Adenoid tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil.
What is a PRR?
A pettern recognition receptor.
Expressed by cells of innate immune system to identify PAMPs
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen Associated Molecular patterns, expressed by pathogenic cells.
How are mast cells activated?
Direct contact
Chemokines
PAMPs
Other proteins released by pathogen
What effect does histamine have on capillary endothelial cells?
Casodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Where are most compliment proteins produced?
The liver
What are the three compliment pathways?
Classical
Lepin Binding
Alternative
C3 convertase is an enzyme made from which two pathways?
Classical & Leptin
What does the alternative pathway require from both the classical and leptin pathways?
C4b2a (c3 reductase)
What role does C3a have in the innate response?
C3 (with C5a) binds to mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine.
Other than work with C3, what does C5a do?
Binds to macrophages, making it far easier for them to bind (through cr1 receptors) to c3b opsonins on the surface of an antigen cell.
What is the most common white blood cell?
Neutrophils
What important protein do basophils release?
Heparin
what two things (one a pathogen, one an anooyance!) are eosinophils related to?
PArasitic worms
Allergies
Which factors inhibit colonisation or bacteria on the SKIN?
Dry conditions
acidic pH
Regular shedding of outer layer
Antimicrobial substances
Skin-Associated lymphoid tissue
Presence of commensal organisms
Which factors inhibit bacterial colonisation of mucus membranes?
Mucin production - removed by cilia or peristalsis
Antimicrobial substances
Secretory immunoglobulin A
Regular turnover of outer layers
Mucosal Associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Commensals
What bacterium attaches to intestinal and urinary epithelia?
E. Coli
Which bacteria attaches to Intestinal epithelin?
Salmonella Typhimurium
Vibrio Cholerae
Which Bacterium adheres to the laryngeal epithelin?
Bordetella pertussis
How does meningitits disseminate through the body?
The circulatory system
