Week 1.1 Endocrine System Flashcards
what is the dineal gland
- in third ventricle
- produces melatonin
what does alpha cells produce?
glucagon
what does FLAT PIG stand for?
F- FSH
L- LH
A- ACTH
T- TSH
P- Prolactin
I- ignore
G- GH
what is hyperinsulinism?
- excessive amount of insulin
- low blood glucose levels
- affects the brain (dizzy, faint, anxiety, sweating, etc.)
- can cause insulin shock
what are the features of diabetes insipidus?
- excretion of large volumes or dilute urine
- dehydration
- thirst
(Hyposecretion of ADH)
what is the function of oxytocin?
causes contraction of uterus
what are some functions of hormones?
1) stimulate secretion of exocrine glands
2) stimulate endocrine glands
3) affect growth, development and personality
4) regulate metabolism of cells
5) regulate contraction of muscle tissue
6) regulate nervous stimulation
7) control reproductive process
what is the result when there is a lack of iodine?
- low levels of thyroxin in blood, stimulating TSH secretion
- causes thyroid gland to increase
- goiter results
what is the function of zona fasiculata (ZF)
- middle zone
- produces glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- reduces stress
where is the thyroid gland?
in the neck region in front of larynx
what are the symbols from hypothalamus - anterior pituitary for the mammary gland?
PRH - PROLACTIN
what is the function of TSH?
stimulate thyroid gland
what is Addison’s diesease?
- less cortisol
- discoloration of skin
- mental lethargy
- extreme fatigue
what are the 2 lobe divisions and their use?
1) anterior pituitary
- gland
2) posterior pituitary
- storage
what is the function of ADH?
increases water reabsorption
for endocrine glands, where can hormones end up?
anywhere in the body from where it’s produced
what are the symbols from hypothalamus - anterior pituitary for the liver?
GHRH - GH
what is hypersecretion/giganism?
abnormally large, but normal proportions
what is the difference of endocrine and exocrine glands?
endocrine:
ductless glands that gets out with exocytosis and goes to interstitial fluids to diffuse into blood/lymph to target cells
exocrine:
secrete substances through ducts
what is the function of the hypothalamus for endocrine system?
produces releasing hormones that stimulate the secretion of separate hormones from the anterior pituitary
produces oxytonin and ADH transported by neurons to be stored/released in posterior pituitary
what is hyposecretion/dwarfism?
epiphyseal plates of long bones close before growth is complete
body proportions appear childlike
what is FSH?
maturation of sex cells
why is regulation of hormone secretion important and how is it done?
to prevent abmornal hormone levels using homeostasis and feedback loops
what is the symbols from hypothalamus - anterior pituitary for the adrenal cortex?
CRH- ACTH
what is a neural stimulus?
hormone release that is triggered directly by a stimulus from a neuron
ex: action potential
what is myxedema?
- swelling of face
- lowered metabolism
- muscular weakness
- hypothermia
- slow mentation
- slow heart rate
what is ADH hyposecretion?
hormone to stop frequent urination
what is the function of thyroxin?
- increases metabolic rate
- increases breakdown of fats and carbs
- increases protein synthesis
- maintains body temperature
- stimulates growth of nervous/ skeletal systems
what is a gland?
cells or organs that produce secretions for use in the body
what is cushing’s syndrome?
- too much cortisol
- high amount of glucone in blood & high blood pressure
what are the 2 bases for hormones?
1) amino acids
2) lipid
what is the function of FSH?
stimulates growth and hormone activity of ovarian follicles
stimulates testes growth and sperm formation
what is the symbols from hypothalamus - anterior pituitary for the gonads?
GnRH - FSH/LH
what is a hormone receptor?
where the hormone is being received, a protein located within the cell membrane
ex: oxytonin only going to uterary muscles due to hormone receptors attracting the hormone to that location only
what is homonal stimulus?
hormones can be released in response to the action of another hormone
ex: different glands producing different glands by hormones
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal gland?
1) zona glomerulosa (ZG)
2) zona fasiculata (ZF)
3) zona reticularis (ZR)
what are hormones?
chemical messengers that regulate different parts/functions of the body
what is glucagon?
- produced by pancreas
- develops increase in glucose from liver
- stored glucose
- stimulated when blood glucose levels drops to liver
what is the function of LH?
stimulates secretion of testosterone
what is acromegaly?
overproduction during adulthood
hypersection of GH
what is gigantism?
overproduction during childhood
what is thymus?
produces thymosin = growth in immune system
what is the function of zona glomerulosa (ZG)?
- produces aldosterone
- regulates amount of minerals in blood (NA+ / K+)
what does beta cells produce?
insulin
what causes pituitary tumors?
1) too much ACTH which triggers adrenal gland
2) Tumor in adrenal gland = making too much cortisol
what is the function of the adrenal medulla?
- hormones release under ANS control
- “fight/flight” response
- secretes epinephrine / noepinephrine
- increase blood pressure, HR & gluconse levels
- decreases blood flow to the GIT & skin
what is LH?
Ovulation in women
what is simmond’s diesease?
extreme weakness
weight loss
wasting of body tissues
(no growth hormone)
what is the function of calcitonin?
- lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels
- decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity
- stimulates uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone matrix
- increasing secretion of osteoblast cells
what is thyroxin hyposecretion (Cretinism)?
- skeleton does not grow/mature
- underdeveloped brain
- tired
- slow heart rate
- low body tempurature
**downsyndrome children**
where is the adrenal gland located?
on top of kidney
what is the symbols from hypothalamus - anterior pituitary for the thyroid?
TRH - TSH
what is a humoral stimulus?
when a hormone is released in respone to a change in the blood or other body fluids
ex: food changing blood sugar levels
what links the endocrine and nervous systems?
hypothalamus
what are the causes of diabetes insipidus?
- posterior pituitary or hypothalamus damage
- nonfunctional ADH receptors in the kidney
where are thyroid receptors present?
all over the body
where are the parathroid glands?
near the back of the neck, attached to the back of the thyroid
what is the function of zona reticularis (ZR)?
- produces sex hormones until gonads mature
- role in development of secondary sex characteristics
what are the differences of hormones/endocrine and the nervous system?
endocrine:
- speed is slow
- duration is long/short (depending on hormone location)
- involuntary
- target varies
Nervous system:
- speed is quick
- duration is short
- both voluntary and involuntary
- local target
what is thyroxin hypersecretion (Grave’s diesease)?
- enlarged thyroid gland
- high metabolic rate
- increased pulse rate
- weight loss
- nervousness/irritability
- protruding eyes
**creep lady photo**
what is the function of prolactin?
stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
what is the function of ACTH?
stimulates adrenal cortex
what is the function of GH?
promosted growth in al body tissues
what is diabetes mellitus (honey piss)
- inability to produce / use insulin
- polyuria (increased urination)
- polyphagia (increased hunger)
- polydispia (increased thirst)
- no energy due to glucose not going to cells
what are the 2 symboles for the posterior pituitary for the kidney and mammary gland?
Kidney = ADH
Mammary gland = Oxytocin
what is the treatment for dwarfism?
GH (growth hormone) before epiphyseal plate closes
what are the fuctions of the parathroid glands?
- secrete parathormone (PTH)
- increase blood calcium levels (increase osteoclast activity)
- calcium and phosphatr release from bone into blood
- increased calcium reabsorption in kidney (takes out calcium before flusing urine)
what is the thyroid gland controlled by?
- hypothalamic TRH
- TSH from anterior pituitary
what are the 3 stimuli for hormonal secretion?
1) humoral
2) hormonal
3) neural
